Six super strategies to consider before 30 June 

With the end of financial year fast approaching, now is a great time to boost your superannuation savings and potentially save on tax. Below are six superannuation strategies to consider before 30 June 2024.

Tip 1 – Use the carry forward concessional contribution rules

If you want to make up for lost time and make extra contributions to top up your superannuation, you may be able to use the carry forward concessional contribution (CC) rules (otherwise known as “catch-up concessional” rules) to make large CCs this year without exceeding your CC cap.

This strategy can allow you to carry forward any unused CC cap amounts that have accrued since 2018/19 for up to five financial years and use them to make CCs in excess of the general annual CC cap (currently $27,500 in 2023/24).

You can then make a CC using the unused carry forward amounts this financial year provided your total superannuation balance (TSB) at 30 June 2023 was below $500,000.

Tip 2 – Make a personal deductible contribution

Carry-forward contributions may also provide you with an opportunity to make higher amounts of personal deductible contributions in financial years where you may have a higher level of taxable income, for example, due to assessable capital gains.

But if you’re not eligible to use the carry forward rules to make a larger contribution, you can still boost your superannuation by making a personal deductible contribution up to the general CC cap.

It’s important to note that personal deductible contributions are only deductible if you meet all of the following conditions:

• You make the contribution to a complying superannuation fund
• You are at least age 18 when the contribution is made (unless you derived income from carrying on a business or from employment-related activities)
• You make the contribution within 28 days after the month in which you turn 75
• You notify your superannuation fund trustee in writing of your intention to claim the deduction
• The notice must be given by the earlier of:
  • when you lodge your income tax return for the year the contributions were made, or
  • the end of the financial year following the year the contributions were made
• The trustee of your superannuation fund must acknowledge receipt of the notice, and you cannot deduct more than the amount stated in the notice.

Tip 3 – Spouse contribution splitting

You can split up to 85% of your 2022/23 CCs before 30 June 2024 to your spouse’s superannuation if your spouse is:

• Under preservation age, or
• Aged between their preservation age and 65 years, and not retired at the time of the split request.

This is an effective way of building superannuation for your spouse and can manage your TSB which can have several advantages, such as:

• Equalising your balances to maximise the amount you both have invested in tax-free retirement phase income streams, or
• Optimising both of your TSBs to access a higher NCC cap^[1], etc.

Tip 4 – Superannuation spouse tax offset

If your spouse is not working or earns a low income, you may want to consider making a NCC into their superannuation account. This strategy could benefit you both by boosting your spouse’s superannuation account and allowing you to qualify for a tax offset of up to $540.

You may be able to get the full offset if you contribute $3,000 and your spouse earns $37,000 or less pa (including their assessable income, reportable fringe benefits and reportable employer superannuation contributions).

A lower tax offset may be available if you contribute less than $3,000, or your spouse earns between $37,000 and $40,000 pa.

Tip 5 – Maximise non-concessional contributions

Another way to boost your superannuation is to make a NCC with some of your after-tax income or savings. The general NCC cap for 2023/24 is $110,000 and eligibility to utilise the cap depends on your TSB¹.

Although NCCs don’t reduce your taxable income for the year, you can still benefit from the low tax rate of up to 15% that is paid on superannuation on investment earnings. This tax rate may be lower than what you might pay if you held the money in other investments outside superannuation.

Tip 6 – Receive the government co-contribution

If you’re a low or middle-income earner earning less than $58,445 in 2023/24 and at least 10% is from your job or a business, you may want to consider making a NCC to superannuation before 1 July 2024. If you do, the Government may make a ‘co-contribution’ of up to $500 into your superannuation account.

The maximum co-contribution is available if you contribute $1,000 and earn $43,445 pa or less. You may receive a lower amount if you contribute less than $1,000 and/or earn between $43,445 and $58,445 pa.

Like the superannuation spouse tax offset, the definition of total income for the purposes of the co-contribution includes assessable income, reportable fringe benefits and reportable employer superannuation contributions.

Need help?

You’ll need to meet certain eligibility conditions before benefitting from any of these strategies. Contact us before 30 June if you’re thinking about investing more in superannuation so we can help you decide which strategies are most appropriate to your circumstances.

Important tax residency issues to consider 

What happens from a tax point of view when a person leaves Australia part-way through the income year? How is the income they derived before that time taxed? And how is any income they derived after that time taxed (whether from Australian or foreign sources)?

Well, the answer will primarily depend on whether the person ceases to be a “resident of Australia” for tax purposes at the time they leave Australia.

This can be one of the most difficult issues in tax law to determine. Not only will it depend on the precise facts and the intention of the taxpayer, but it can also involve what often seems to be a “judgement-call” at the relevant time. This is especially the case as a taxpayer’s residency status is worked out on an income year basis, and this can change from one income year to another.

But putting aside all the issues involved in determining whether a person ceases to be a resident of Australia for tax purposes part-way through an income year, let us assume this is the case.

So, what are some of the general tax consequences associated with such part-year residency?

For a start, the person’s tax threshold for the relevant income year will be adjusted downwards (pro-rated) to reflect the fact that the person ceased to be a resident for tax purposes part-way through the income year. As a result, this pro-rated threshold will apply to the person’s assessable income:

• from all sources both within and outside Australia for the period they are a resident of Australia, and
• from sources within Australia while they are a foreign resident.

Importantly, this in effect means that the resident tax rates do not change on the basis of a person’s part-year residency – but only the relevant tax-free threshold.

It should also be noted that assessable income derived from sources outside Australia during the period in the income year that the person is a “foreign resident” will not be subject to tax in Australia as it will be outside the Australian taxing jurisdiction.

And, of course, for the following income years the person will be assessed as a foreign resident and therefore only pay tax in Australia on Australian-sourced assessable income at foreign resident rates.

Another consequence that is often overlooked is that a person ceasing to be a resident of Australia for tax purposes will be deemed to have disposed of all their Australian-sourced CGT assets for their market value at that time. However, this is subject to an exception for “taxable Australian property” (which always remain subject to CGT regardless of the taxpayer’s residency status) and any “pre-CGT” assets of the taxpayer.

Furthermore, a person can instead choose to opt out of this “deemed disposal” rule – in which case all their Australian-sourced CGT assets will be treated as taxable Australian property until they are actually disposed of or the taxpayer becomes a resident of Australia again for tax purposes.

So, these are some of the tax considerations to be taken into account on a person ceasing to be a resident of Australia.

But the key question of determining a person’s residency for tax purposes remains – and this is not always an easy issue.

For example, in a recent tax decision, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal held that a person was a resident of Australia for tax purposes even though they were working outside the country for substantially more than half the year and even though this occurred over a four-year period.

The AAT found that because the taxpayer’s wife and family remained in Australia and because he had other connections to Australia such as the ownership of property and motor vehicles here, then he was a resident for tax purposes – as he had no “plans to abandon Australia”.

The case illustrates something of the difficulty of determining a person’s residency for tax purposes. It is clearly a “case-by-case” matter.

And it is clearly something on which professional advice should always be sought.

Family companies and the many tax traps 

If you own a family company, then it is very important how you receive and treat any payments made from the company to you (or your associates – for example, your spouse).  And this is simply because any payment from a company (other than a return of the original capital) is, in most cases, prima-facie a dividend in the hands of the recipient – however it may otherwise be classified.

In particular, if you arrange for your company to provide you (or your associate) a loan, then it will be deemed to be a taxable dividend (and an unfranked one at that) – unless you comply with the requirements for it to be a “complying loan’’ (which includes imposing a market rate of interest on it). Likewise, any forgiveness by the company of the loan made to you will be treated as a deemed dividend in your hands also – again unless certain requirements are met.

This area of treating loans by the company to a shareholder (or associate) as a deemed “Div 7A dividend” is a fundamental issue in tax law – and has been for many, many years.

And it is a matter that you should always speak to your adviser about.

Importantly, it also extends to the case where your family trust makes a resolution to distribute trust income to a beneficiary company (usually a so-called “bucket company”) and  the amount is never actually paid to the company but is kept in the trust.

In this case, the ATO treats this as a deemed dividend made by the company to the trust – albeit, it is a hot button issue in tax at the moment as to whether the ATO is correct in its approach to this.

Again, this is a matter that you MUST always speak to your adviser about – especially with the current uncertainty and changes in the air in relation to Div 7A.

With family companies there is also the issue of loans made by shareholders or directors to the company and any subsequent forgiveness of them.

On the face of it a complete forgiveness of the debt owed without any repayment of the loan should trigger a capital loss in the hands of the shareholder or director.

However, the tax laws are more sophisticated than this – and a capital loss will only arise to the extent that the debt is incapable of being repaid by the company. There is also an argument as to whether any capital loss should be available at all even if the company could not repay the debt.

Likewise, there will be consequences for the company.

While no immediate taxable gain will arise to the company from the release of its obligation to repay the debt, there may be a restriction on its ability to claim tax deductions in the future for such things as carry forward tax losses and/or depreciation. While this may not be an issue if the company is winding up, it will be if it continues to operate.

So, the moral of the story is just because you own the company doesn’t mean you can treat it as your own private bank to make withdrawals from it as you please or make loans to it (and forgive them) – without considering the serious tax consequences of such actions.

There will always be tax consequences – and you will always need professional advice on this matter.

Selling your home to a developer? Beware the tax consequences! 

The NSW state Government is attempting to help with the housing affordability crisis by making areas around train stations and shopping centres eligible for rezoning for denser development. It will be important to see your tax adviser if you receive a generous offer from a property developer for your home (or rental property) as a result of this rezoning. And not just if you live in NSW.

This is because you will have to consider the capital gains tax (CGT) – or possible other income tax consequences – of selling your home or rental property in these circumstances – including where you may be forced to sell under some state compulsory acquisition rule (eg, in relation to strata units).

In relation to something that is your home you should be right as a home is exempt from CGT.

But if you have ever used your home to produce assessable income (eg, rented the whole or a part of it out or used it as a place of business) you will be subject to a partial CGT liability – and calculating the amount of this liability can be quite complex, depending on the exact situation.

For example, if you originally lived in the home and rented it for a period you will ordinarily be able to apply the “absence concession” to continue to treat it as your home and therefore sell it CGT-free. But if you can’t, you will have to reset its cost for CGT purposes by reference to its market value at the time you first rented it and then recalculated its precise cost for the calculation of the partial gain. This includes knowing what range of expenses can be included in this cost!

Likewise, if you use part of your home as a place of business you will have to reset its cost for CGT purposes on the same basis – but in this case you may (and it’s a big “may”) be entitled to the CGT concessions for carrying on a small business. But this is an area ripe with confusion – and controversy (unbeknown to many).

And then of course, there is the issue of whether you qualify for the generous 50% CGT discount to reduce any assessable capital gain – and this is often not as simple as it looks.

It may even be the case that you could be assessed on any gain you make on the sale of your property on the basis that it is like taxable business income (and not a concessionally taxed capital gain). And this can potentially happen if you carry out activities in a business-like manner to increase the value of your home in order to fetch a higher price from developers. There is even recent case law on this matter which confirms this view (albeit, this case law is only at a lower tribunal level).

So, if for better or worse, if you find yourself being approached by a developer to sell your home (or other real estate), go see your tax practitioner. Their advice will be invaluable in perhaps this one-off chance to make a significant gain on your main asset.

The tax treatment of compensation payments can be tricky 

If you have had a rental or commercial property damaged by recent summer storms (or bushfires or floods) you may have received an insurance payout to cover the damage. You may be surprised to know that this payout is subject to capital gains tax (CGT) on the basis that it arises from your right to seek compensation (being a CGT asset itself). However, the tax law and the ATO will treat it concessionally depending on what exactly the payout is for and how it will be used.

For example, if the payout is for the “destruction or loss” of the whole or part of the property, the payout won’t be subject to CGT at that time – but only if it is used to acquire a replacement asset within the required time (generally two years). This is because a “concessional roll-over” applies in the circumstances. However, there may be an immediate CGT liability (and/or other CGT consequences) if only some (or more) than the amount of the payout is used in acquiring a replacement asset.

On the other hand, if a payout is received for merely some “permanent damage” to the property then a different CGT concession will apply – namely, there will be a reduction in the cost base of the property for CGT purposes by the extent of the compensation received (and whether or not the proceeds are used to repair or restore the damaged property).

So, if you find yourself in this situation, it is vital to see your tax professional to help assess what situation you fall into – and furthermore how the compensation is exactly treated in that case.

In the different case where you receive compensation for wrongful dismissal from work and/or for injury suffered at work, it is also vital to seek professional advice. This is because such compensation can potentially be treated in one of several ways:

• Firstly, it may be treated as assessable income to the extent it is a substitution for lost income – regardless of whether it is received in a lump sum form or not and however it is calculated.
• Secondly, it can be treated as being exempt from being assessable income (and CGT) where it is received for injury, the loss of physical capacity, illness, pain, suffering or where it is paid under anti-discrimination legislation.

However, determining which category of compensation such a payment falls into is not always easy – especially where it may be an out-of-court settlement payment which comprises both types of payments. While generally such payments will not be taxable, if they are an out-of-court settlement and the whole or part of the payment can be identified as comprising compensation for lost income (by whatever means, such as the initial pleadings), then that component can be assessable.

So, suffice to say your professional adviser is invaluable in this situation – and in particular before agreeing on the receipt of any such settlement payment.

Mortgage vs super – where should I put my extra cash? 

Many of us wonder about the best vehicle to use for our extra savings. Is it better to direct extra savings to your mortgage or superannuation? As with most financial decisions, there is no one-size-fits-all approach as it depends on a number of factors for each individual.

Paying extra off the mortgage

The priority for most people is to pay extra off their mortgage. This is because extra repayments can reduce the amount of interest payable and will help you pay off your loan sooner, freeing you up from mortgage repayment commitments.

Furthermore, if your home loan has a redraw or offset facility, you can still access your money if your circumstances change. However paying extra off your mortgage involves using after-tax money which is less advantageous than using pre-tax income to invest into superannuation which will eventually be used to pay off your mortgage.

Paying extra into superannuation

Paying extra to superannuation will usually involve pre-tax money by making salary sacrifice contributions. An effective salary sacrifice agreement involves an employee agreeing in writing to forgo part of their future entitlement to salary or wages in return for the employer providing them with benefits of a similar value, such as increased employer superannuation contributions.

As salary sacrifice contributions are made with pre-tax dollars and do not form part of your assessable income, this means these contributions are not taxed at your marginal tax rate and will instead be taxed at a maximum of 15% when received by your superannuation fund.

It is also worth noting that making pre-tax contributions such as salary sacrifice contributions count towards the concessional contribution (CC) cap which is currently $27,500 pa in 2023/24 (or $30,000 in 2024/25). As your employer superannuation guarantee (SG) contributions also count towards this cap, you will need to determine how much room you have left within your cap before you start salary sacrificing to superannuation. As discussed in the ‘Six super strategies to consider before 30 June’ article in this Newsletter, there is the ability to make larger CCs by utilising the carry forward concessional contribution rules if you meet certain eligibility criteria.

In a nutshell, once the money is in superannuation it is invested and will grow. The power of compounding returns along with the concessional tax nature of superannuation means that even small contributions can boost your retirement savings in the future. When the time is right and you are ready to retire, you can either withdraw a tax-free lump sum to clear your remaining mortgage or commence a superannuation pension and draw tax-free pension payments to meet your mortgage repayments from the age of 60 onwards.

Example – pre vs post tax money

Bill earns $150,000 per year and has a savings capacity of around $1,000 – $1,500 per month. Bill can either:

• Direct this amount to his mortgage, or
• Salary sacrifice $1,587 into superannuation as this contribution occurs before tax (ie, the after tax cost of $1,000 is $1,587).

Bill decides to salary sacrifice to superannuation. Bill’s contribution is taxed at 15% when it is received by his fund so his end contribution is $1,349. For the same out-of-pocket cost to Bill, his superannuation fund receives an extra $349 each month.

This example shows the difference between Bill’s marginal tax rate (37%) and the tax rate on contributions (15%) constitutes the benefit of salary sacrifice contributions. As mentioned above, Bill will need to ensure he does not exceed his CC cap by making extra salary sacrifice contributions to superannuation.

Final thoughts

So which option is better? Well it depends. The answer boils down to a number of factors that need to be considered, such as your mortgage interest rate, your income and marginal tax rate, your superannuation investment strategy, and your age to retirement. If you need extra information or advice on what you should do, make sure you speak to a financial adviser before you make any financial decisions when it comes to your mortgage or superannuation.

[1] Refer to the ‘Super contribution caps to increase on 1 July’ article in last month’s Newsletter (March 2024) for more information

Stage 3 tax cuts – a tax saving opportunity?

Legislation giving effect to the government’s revised settings for the Stage 3 tax cuts has been passed by both houses of Parliament with the support of the Coalition.

The stage 3 tax cut changes:

• Reduce the 19% tax rate to 16% for incomes between $18,200 and $45,000.
• Reduce the 32.5% tax rate to 30% for incomes between $45,000 and the new $135,000 threshold.
• Increase the threshold at which the 37% tax rate applies from $120,000 to $135,000.
• Increase the threshold at which the 45% tax rate applies from $180,000 to $190,000.

A permanent tax saving

Many taxpayers and their advisers focus on timing issues around year-end by deferring income and bringing forward deductions. Legitimate steps can be taken to shift taxable income from one year to the next and most people would prefer to pay tax next year rather than this year. However, any benefit gained reverses in the following year when you have to do it all again just to stand still. It’s a lot of effort for a once off timing advantage.

The difference with the 1 July 2024 tax rate changes is that reducing your taxable income in 2023-24 and increasing it in 2024-25 (where it is taxed at a lower rate) produces a permanent saving over the two-year period – a saving you get to keep. That may make such timing issues worth another look.

How much can you save?

That depends on your where you sit on the income scales and how much taxable income is shifted. Very high income earners will have a marginal tax rate of 45% regardless of whether they shift income and deductions around, and those on lower incomes don’t pay much tax to begin with, so their potential savings are less.

But for anyone who expects to fall in the taxable income range of $120,000 to $135,000, for example, there is a permanent saving of 7% on up to $15,000 in taxable income that is shifted from 2023-24 into 2024-25.

Take someone in that income range who owns a rental property which is in need of a $15,000 paint job, and who was planning to get it done by Christmas. They could save themselves $1,050 by arranging to have the job done in May or June. Not a fortune, but not chickenfeed either.

So, how can you go about shifting taxable income into 2024-25?

Before looking at various options, it is necessary to point out that the tax laws include anti-avoidance rules that prevent tax planning strategies which have as their sole or dominant purpose the gaining of a tax advantage. However, if you are simply bringing forward ordinary business-related purchases that you would have made anyway, those rules are unlikely to be triggered. To make certain you stay on the right side of the tax rules you should check with us before taking any action.

Bringing deductions forward

Subject to that necessary reservation, and depending on your expected taxable income, bringing deductions forward into the 2023-24 income year offers the widest range of options for achieving a permanent tax saving. Bear in mind that bringing purchases forward does involve an earlier than planned cashflow impact that you would need to fund. Options include:

Rental properties

If you have a rental property that is in need of any sort of maintenance or repairs, why not get on to it now? You’ll be bringing the deduction into 2023-24 and keeping your tenants happy at the same time. There can sometimes be a fine line between repairs (deductible immediately) and improvements (deductible over time). We can help you sort out which is which.

Gifts and donations

If you have a tradition of gifting and donating, maybe to telethons and appeals that occur later in the year, consider making those donations to the charities before the end of June 2024. Charities are more than happy to receive donations at any time of the year, and if the taxman can give it an extra boost, why not? Double check that your chosen charity is a deductible gift recipient.

Superannuation

Consider making after-tax contributions into your super fund. But be mindful of contribution caps and the additional 15% tax on contributions made by high income earners. You should seek financial advice prior to taking any action.

Sole traders and partnerships

Do you have a small business which you operate through your own name or in partnership? Consider some of these possibilities:

• Depreciation: Could you do with a new laptop or other tools and equipment? Or even a modest motor vehicle? Legislation that is expected to pass Parliament before 30 June 2024 will set the small business threshold for claiming an outright deduction for the cost of depreciating assets to $20,000. If you’re planning to make these purchases anyway, you would be better off with that sort of deduction falling into the 2023-24 year where the tax rate is higher. So consider paying a visit to JB Hi-fi, Bunnings or the nearest car yard and start looking around.
• Bad debts: Have a receivable you know isn’t going to pay, but you just haven’t wanted to admit it? Consider writing it off and take the deduction now. But remember, the debt must be more than simply doubtful and there are certain other requirements which must be met. We can help you with those.
• Obsolete stock: Is that box of polaroid cameras really going to move anywhere other than to a museum? Write it out of stock before 30 June 2024 and take the deduction.
• Bring forward deductible expenses: Buying two boxes of printer paper? Buy three instead. Stock up on printer ink, you never know when you’re going to have that big print run you hadn’t anticipated. Consider what other consumables you use and stock up for your short term needs before 30 June 2024.
• Prepay deductible expenditure: All taxpayers are entitled to claim deductible prepaid expenditure where the expenditure is below $1,000 (excluding GST) or the expenditure is required by law (e.g., car registration fees). Where the expenditure is $1,000 or more, small business entities can deduct the full amount of prepaid expenditure if it relates to a period of 12 months or less. Note that this is also available to non-business expenditure of individuals (e.g., work-related expenses or rental property expenses).
• Employee bonuses: Confirm commitments to pay employee bonuses are made by 30 June 2024, and don’t forget that PAYG withholding must be withheld when the bonuses are paid.
• Skills and training: Take advantage of the small business entity skills and training boost before it ends on 30 June 2024. The Boost enables small businesses to deduct an additional 20% of expenditure that is incurred for the provision of eligible external training courses to their employees by registered providers in Australia.
• Energy incentive: Take advantage of the small business entity energy incentive which provides a bonus deduction of 20%. Eligible assets include heat pumps and electric heating or cooling systems, and demand management assets such as batteries or thermal energy storage. Eligible assets or upgrades will need to be first used or installed ready for use by 30 June 2024.
  Note: this incentive is provided for in the same Bill as the $20,000 instant asset write-off provisions, which is currently before Parliament and is expected to pass before 30 June 2024.

Deferring income

Options for shifting income into the 2024-25 year are more limited, but include:

Salary sacrifice

Consider salary sacrificing into super before 30 June 2024. As mentioned above, be mindful of the contribution caps, the additional tax for higher income earners and seek financial advice before taking any action.

Interest

Ensure term deposits mature after 30 June 2024.

Need help?

We are here to help you work through any of these options.

Don’t forget about the CGT small business rollover

For those who run a “small business” and decide to sell it, the various Capital Gain Tax (CGT) small business concessions are invaluable (as has been noted many times before).

Of course, it is great if you can qualify for the “15-year exemption” concession because this will mean that you won’t have to pay any CGT. But this requires, among other things, that you are 55 years or over and are “retiring in connection” with the sale, something that may just not be the case.

But if this is not the case, you may still be able to use the retirement exemption to eliminate up to $500,000 of capital gain.

However, if you are under 55 years of age at the time of the sale of the business then any qualifying capital gain must be paid into your super. You cannot take it directly. On the other hand, if you are 55 years or older you can take it directly without having to pay it into super and spend it as you wish.

But like the “15-year exemption” there are a number of hoops to jump through, especially if the capital gain has been made by a company or family trust you control. And these hoops require, among other things, that the exempt CGT amount is paid to you within the appropriate time limits.

As a last resort, you can use the roll-over in the CGT small business concessions to acquire a replacement asset. However, if a replacement asset is not acquired within two years, then the capital gain is reinstated and taxed at that time.

But this concession is far more than “a last resort”.

In fact, it is a significant (and acceptable) planning device in its own right. Furthermore, it can be used from the start in relation to the whole of the capital gain so that all its benefits can be fully utilised.

And these benefits include the ability to defer the assessment of the gain for up to two years to, say, allow time for you to turn 55 years of age so that you can then use the retirement exemption to take the capital gain CGT-free.

It can also be used to buy you time to meet other relevant conditions to qualify for the retirement exemption – so that when the rolled over gain is reinstated after two years you can then apply the retirement exemption to your benefit. This may be relevant where, for example, the capital gain was made by a family trust, and you need to find a “controller” of the trust in order to use the exemption.

And if nothing else the rollover can give you an extra two years just to think what you are going to do about things, including whether just to do the obvious and buy a replacement business asset (of any type) in the meantime.

So, once again, the advice of your accountant is invaluable in the matter of whether to buy a replacement asset or when (and how) it is best to realise your capital gain.

Super contribution caps to increase on 1 July

For the first time in three years, the superannuation contributions are set to increase from 1 July 2024.

Contribution caps to increase

Due to indexation, the contribution caps will increase on 1 July 2024 as follows:

• Concessional contributions cap – from $27,000 to $30,000
• Non-concessional contributions cap – from $110,000 to $120,000
• The maximum non-concessional contributions cap under the bring forward rules – from $330,000 to $360,000

What are concessional contributions?

Concessional contributions (CC) are before-tax contributions and are generally taxed at 15%. This is the most common type of contribution individuals receive as it includes superannuation guarantee (SG) payments your employer makes into your fund on your behalf. Other types of CCs include salary sacrifice contributions and tax-deductible personal contributions.

The government sets limits on how much money you can add to your superannuation each year. Currently, the annual CC cap is $27,500 in 2023/24.

What are non-concessional contributions?

Non-concessional contributions (NCC) are voluntary contributions you can make from your after-tax dollars. For example, you may wish to make extra contributions using funds from your bank account or other savings.

As such, NCCs are an after-tax contribution because your employer has already taken out the tax you need to pay on your income. Currently, the annual NCC cap is $110,000 in 2023/24.

What are the bring forward rules?

The bring forward rules apply to NCCs and allow you to make up to three years of NCCs in a single financial year, if you’re eligible. This means you can put in up to three times the annual cap of $110,000, which means you may be able to top up your superannuation by $330,000 within the same financial year.

Using the bring forward rules can be beneficial for individuals who have a large amount of cash to invest which may have come from an inheritance or from the sale of an asset/property.

However, how much you can make as a NCC will depend on your total superannuation balance (TSB) as at 30 June of the previous financial year (see table below).

Bring forward NCC amounts will also increase

In addition to the contribution caps increasing, the maximum NCC cap under the bring forward rules will also increase on 1 July 2024.

The table below shows the TSB thresholds that apply to determine how much you can contribute under the bring forward rules:

Take care before you contribute

The increase to the NCC cap under the bring forward rules will not apply to individuals who have already triggered the bring forward rule in either this year (2023/24) or last year (2022/23) and are still in their bring forward period. This is because the NCC cap that applies to an individual is calculated with reference to the standard NCC cap when they triggered the bring forward rule in their first year.

For example, if the NCC cap in the second and third year of a bring forward period changed to $120,000 due to indexation, your NCC cap will still be $330,000 ($110,000 x 3 years) and not $350,000 ($110,000 + $120,000 + $120,000).

For this reason, if you want to maximise your NCCs using the bring forward rule, you may wish to consider restricting your NCCs this year to $110,000 or less so you do not trigger the bring forward rule this year.

However, how much you can contribute and whether your fund is allowed to accept your contribution can depend on your age, your TSB and other eligibility criteria. The rules are complex and making contributions to superannuation that exceed the contribution caps can result in excess tax. Give us a call if you need any further information or would like to chat about your options.

Briefing a barrister

When you’re faced with a complex or high-risk question in tax or super, briefing a barrister can provide you with the expertise and perspective to help you move towards a solution with confidence.

Barristers (who are also referred to as “counsel”) are independent specialists in court work and legal advice. There are specialist barristers across Australia in tax, super and associated areas of law. This includes “King’s Counsel” or “Senior Counsel”, who are barristers of seniority and eminence. The barristers who practice in tax and super will particularly be familiar with the ATO, and also the decision-making approaches of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) and the Federal Court of Australia.

Why brief a barrister?

Although barristers are best known for their courtroom advocacy, that’s only part of what they offer. Barristers, through their training, experience and networks, are intimately familiar with the decision-making processes and reasoning of courts and tribunals. When barristers address complex and high-risk legal questions, they provide precise advice and practical solutions guided by how laws are interpreted and applied by courts and tribunals in practice.

You may consider briefing a barrister to provide advice on high-risk or high-value matters, or when you have limited time to answer a complex question. In those situations, it’s prudent to obtain specialist advice to ensure you fulfill your duties. A barrister’s expertise and objectivity will provide you with confidence as to the best approach in the circumstances.

Who can brief a barrister?

Anyone can brief a barrister. There are broadly two ways you can do it:

• directly (where you brief a barrister without engaging a solicitor), or
• indirectly (where you engage a solicitor and instruct them to brief a barrister).

Directly briefing a barrister (which is also referred to as “direct access” briefing) can provide you with cost and efficiency benefits. Generally, barristers are less expensive than solicitors of equivalent experience.

Barristers are not obliged to take direct briefs, but many do. Barristers may directly give legal advice and may prepare and advise on certain legal documents (in addition to their dispute-related work). Importantly, barristers can be directly briefed to appear in the AAT.

There are slightly different rules in each Australian state and territory on the types of work that barristers can and can’t do, and the circumstances in which you can directly brief a barrister. Generally, barristers are not permitted to undertake work traditionally performed only by solicitors, such as conducting general correspondence or other administrative tasks in relation to the client’s legal affairs.

In some circumstances, barristers who have been directly briefed may later request that their client also engage a solicitor. This will occur where the absence of an instructing solicitor would seriously prejudice the client’s interests (for example, where a solicitor is needed to help the client gather large amounts of evidence).

Who should you brief?

As a starting point, the bar associations of each state and territory maintain a website where you can view and search the profiles of every barrister in that jurisdiction. On those websites, you’ll be able to identify the barristers who practice in tax and super and view their background, experience level and contact details. Just search for “bar association” in your state or territory.

If you’ve engaged a solicitor, they’ll be able to recommend a good barrister. If you want to brief directly, but you don’t know who to brief, you can obtain guidance from barristers’ clerks. The clerks act like an agent for a large group of barristers. The clerks have familiarity with the expertise, experience and availability of each barrister. The clerks’ contact details are also on the bar association websites.

Preparing a brief

Historically, a “brief” was a comprehensive set of papers given to a barrister to enable them to appear, advise, or draft or settle documents (as the case may be). Today, barristers are more versatile in what they receive from clients (and how they receive it).

If you’ve directly briefed a barrister, you should first speak to them about the nature and form of documents and information they require you to provide. For example, where you require tax advice on a legal question, your barrister may (depending on the circumstances) ask you to provide the following types of documents and information:

• questions upon which you require legal advice
• timeframes for the provision of that advice
• identity of all parties involved in the subject matter of the advice
• chronology of key events, and
• key correspondence, contracts and other documents.

Barristers will also have their eye on ensuring their advice is commercially acceptable. For this reason, it is useful to also inform them about:

• your purpose for engaging in relevant activities, and
• any commercial issues likely to influence your preferred approach.

Some tips

If you’re going to brief a barrister, you should keep these tips in mind:

• Brief early: This will give your barrister the opportunity to read the brief, understand your circumstances and seek out any further information.
• Brief clearly: Precisely communicating what you want from your barrister (and when, how and why you want it) will provide you with the best outcome.
• Brief orderly: Where you need to provide lots of documents, speak to your barrister about the form and categorisation in which they prefer to receive, store and use them.

Barristers offer you legal expertise from a practical perspective. You should visit the website for the bar association in your state or territory if you want further information about the role of barristers or if you want to find a barrister to help you.

Compensation from your bank or financial institution – is it taxable?

Unfortunately our financial institutions have not always acted as ethically as we consumers would like.

Whether you’ve received bad advice or paid for advice you didn’t receive at all, our supervisory and regulatory bodies have sought not only to improve the system so it won’t happen again, but also to ensure that if you are on the receiving end of such bad behaviour, you could be entitled to receive financial restitution.

If you’ve recently received a compensation payment, you might be wondering whether you need to pay tax on it.

The answer is – it depends!

It depends on how your investment was held¹ and the type of compensation you received.

For example, if you’ve disposed of the investment and previously reported a capital gain in your income tax return, your compensation payment increases the capital gain (you may be able to claim the 50% discount too if you held the investment for more than 12 months).  You may need to amend your income tax return to include this additional capital gain.

If you haven’t yet disposed of the investment, and you hold it as a capital investment¹, then the compensation payment reduces its cost for when you do dispose of it in the future (make sure keep details of the compensation payment with your tax records to provide to us later).

Where your compensation payment includes an amount that is a refund or reimbursement of adviser fees, and these fees were previously claimed a tax deduction by you, then the amount you received as a refund or reimbursement will generally be taxable to you in the income year you receive it.   Similarly, any part of the payment that represents interest should also be included in your tax return in the year you receive it.

If you’ve received an amount of compensation and not sure whether it is taxable, or if you need to amend a prior year tax return for a payment you received, please reach out to us.

1 Note the tax treatment described may be different if a compensation payment relates to an investment that is held on trust, as a revenue asset, or received by a business or superannuation fund.

Tax issues when dealing with volunteers

From bushfire relief groups, sporting clubs, environmental groups, charity associations and many more, volunteers are an indispensable workforce and support network for many organisations. For most, if not all, having volunteers ready to lend a hand is pivotal in them being able to function or survive.

Given that there are many hundreds of volunteers propping up all sorts of good works throughout the nation, and in the spirit of thorough tax planning, an important practical consideration for many may be if payments to volunteers constitute assessable income and whether their expenses are tax deductible.

What’s a volunteer?

There is no common law definition of “volunteer” for tax purposes, although it typically means someone who enters into any service of their own free will, or who offers to perform a service or undertaking. A genuine volunteer does not work under a contractual obligation for remuneration, and would not be an employee or an independent contractor.

Volunteers can be paid in cash, given non-cash benefits or a combination of both – payments include honorariums, reimbursements and allowances. Generally, receipts which are earned, expected, relied upon and have an element of periodicity, recurrence or regularity are treated as assessable income.

Conversely, where a person’s activities are a pastime or hobby – rather than income producing – money and other benefits received from those activities are generally not perceived as assessable income.

The examples below shed light on whether typical payments such as honorariums, reimbursements and allowances constitute assessable income.

Is an honorarium assessable income?

An honorarium is either an honorary reward for voluntary services, or a fee for professional services voluntarily rendered, and can be paid in money or property.

Example 1

1. Alex works as a computer programmer at the local city council and volunteers as a referee for the local rugby union. This year he organised an accreditation course for new referees. He applied for a grant, arranged advertising, assembled course materials, and booked venues. Michael is awarded an honorarium of $100 for his efforts.
2. No, the honorarium is not assessable income as honorary rewards for voluntary services are not assessable as income and related expenses are not deductible.

Example 2

1. Mindy has an accounting practice and volunteers at the local art gallery. Mindy prepares the gallery’s annual report using her business’s software and equipment. At the gallery’s annual general meeting, Mindy is awarded an honorarium of $800 in appreciation of her services.
2. Yes, this honorarium constitutes assessable income because it is a reward for services connected to her income-producing activities.

Is a reimbursement assessable income?

A reimbursement is precise compensation, in part or full, for an expense already incurred, even if the expense has not yet been paid. A payment is more likely to be a reimbursement where the recipient is required to substantiate expenses and/or refund unspent amounts.

Example 3

1. Matthew is an electrical contractor. He volunteers to mow the yard of a local not-for-profit childcare centre. Matthew purchases a $15 spare part for the centre’s mower. The childcare centre reimburses Matthew for the cost of the spare part.
2. No, the $15 reimbursement is not assessable income because Matthew has not made the payment in the course of his enterprise as an electrician.

Example 4

1. Rose has a gardening business. She volunteers to prune the shrubs of a local nursing home and uses materials from her business’s trading stock.
2. Yes, any reimbursement she receives for the cost of the materials is assessable income because the supplies were made in the course of her enterprise.

Is an allowance assessable income?

An allowance is a definite predetermined amount to cover an estimated expense. It is paid even if the recipient does not spend the full amount.

Example 5

150. Andy volunteers as a telephone counsellor for a crisis centre. He is rostered on night shifts during the week and is occasionally called in on weekends. When Andy works weekends, the centre pays him an allowance of $150. The allowance is paid to acknowledge Andy’s extra efforts and to compensate him for additional costs incurred.

A: Yes, these payments to Andy are considered assessable income because he received the allowance with no regard to actual expenses and there is no requirement to repay unspent money.

Expenses incurred by volunteers

On the tax deductibility of volunteer expenses, a volunteer may be entitled to claim expenses incurred in gaining or producing assessable income – except where the expenses are of a capital, private or domestic nature.

For instance, expenditure on items such as travel, uniforms or safety equipment could be deductible, but expenses incurred for private and income-producing purposes must be apportioned – with only the income-producing portion of the expense being tax deductible.

Example 6

1. Robert operates a commercial fishing trawler and uses navigational charts in his business. He also volunteers as an unpaid training officer at the volunteer coastguard. Robert purchases two identical sets of navigational charts – one for his business, the other as a training aid in coastguard courses.
2. Yes, Robert can claim the part incurred in gaining or producing assessable income – in this case, half the total cost.

What about donations? Are these deductible?

It is also common for volunteers to donate money, goods and time to not-for-profit organisations. To be tax deductible, a gift must comply with relevant gift conditions, and:

• be made voluntarily
• be made to a deductible gift recipient, and
• be in the form of money ($2 or more) or certain types of property.

Donors can claim deductions for most, but not all, gifts they make to registered deductible gift recipients. For instance, a gift of a service, including a volunteer’s time, is not deductible as no money or property is transferred to the deductible gift recipient. However, individuals may be entitled to a tax deduction for contributions made at fundraising events, including dinners and charity auctions.

Example 7

Mila buys a clock at a charity auction for $200. This is not a gift even if Mila has paid a lot more than the value of the clock. Payments that are not gifts include those to school building funds as an alternative to an increase in school fees and purchases of raffle or art union tickets, chocolates and pens.

Example 8

Clive receives a lapel badge for his donation to a deductible gift recipient. As the lapel badge is not a material benefit or an advantage, the donation is a gift.

Consult this office for more information on which volunteer payments are considered assessable income and which expenses are typically tax deductible.

Collectables – and inherited jewellery

Collectables

Capital gains tax does not just apply to “big ticket” items such as real estate, farms and shareholdings. It also applies to a special class of assets known as “personal use assets” and, in particular, those personal use assets known as “collectibles”.

“Collectables” are specifically defined under the tax law to mean the following items that are “used or kept mainly for your personal use or enjoyment”:

• artwork, jewellery, an antique, or a coin or medallion; or
• a rare folio, manuscript or book; or
• a postage stamp or first day cover.

However, for an asset to be a collectable, it must have cost more than $500. Otherwise, collectables acquired for $500 or less are exempt from CGT (but subject to important rules to get around or avoid this threshold test).

However, the most important rule about a collectable is that if you make a capital loss on selling or disposing of a collectable, that capital loss can only be offset against capital gains from other collectibles. It cannot be offset against the capital gain from, say, shares or real estate, and nor can it be offset against your other income.

Furthermore, that jewellery you inherit from your mother will retain its “character” as a collectable (if it was acquired by her after 20 September 1985). So, this too is something to be aware of.

Personal use assets

As for “personal use assets” per se (ie assets used for personal use or enjoyment which are not “collectables” – such as furniture, clothing, pianos etc) they are only subject to CGT if they cost more than $10,000. More importantly, however, is that you cannot claim a capital loss made on a personal use asset.

But is it a business?

Finally, of course, it is often the case that a person who owns such collectibles does so for the purpose of trading in them. In this case, the CGT rules take a backseat to the fact that the profit from such activities is assessable in the same way as ordinary income, as if you were operating a business.

So, if you find yourself dealing with such items, it is necessary to get good tax advice on the matter.

Using super to pay the mortgage

Have you reached preservation age and still have a mortgage? If so, you may be able to use your super to deal with your rising mortgage repayments if you meet certain conditions.

Introduction

The constant increase to interest rates over the last two years have left some borrowers strapped for cash. Fortunately, those that have reached preservation age can access their superannuation via a special type of pension, known as a transition to retirement (TTR) pension, even if they haven’t retired.

What is preservation age?

Your preservation age is the earliest age you can access your superannuation. The preservation age that applies to you depends on your date of birth and ranges from age 55 to 60, as shown in the table below.

Alternatively, you will also reach preservation age when you reach age 65, even if you are still working.

What is a TTR pension?

A TTR pension allows you to supplement your income by allowing you to access some of your superannuation once you’ve reached your preservation age. You can start a TTR pension by transferring some of your superannuation to an account-based pension (ABP), which is a regular income stream bought with money from your superannuation fund.

Once you start a TTR pension, you need to withdraw payments between a minimum and maximum range each year. The minimum drawdown rate depends on your age and is 4% for those under 65 years old. The maximum amount you can withdraw is 10% of your account balance as at 1 July of each financial year (or 10% of the value from the date your TTR pension started in that financial year). This means you can choose pension payments anywhere between your minimum and maximum payment limit each year.

Tip – if you commence a TTR pension halfway through the year, the minimum payment percentage is pro-rated to reflect the number of days the pension is in place in that first financial year. The minimum will be recalculated at 1 July based on your TTR pension balance and your age at that time to factor in a whole year’s worth of pension payments.

But note that a TTR pension does not allow you to withdraw your superannuation as a lump sum. This can generally only be done once you’ve reached your preservation age and met certain conditions of release, such as retirement.

Example

Justine is 60 years old and has $650,000 in superannuation. Justine’s adviser recommends she commences a TTR pension with $600,000 to help ease her financial difficulties. Justine must draw a minimum of $24,000 (ie, 4% x $600,000) or up to a maximum of $60,000 (ie, 10% x $600,000) in pension payments in the 2023-24 financial year.

Justine can use the additional TTR pension payments to help supplement her employment income and meet her mortgage repayments. She could also use a TTR pension as a strategy to pay down her mortgage much quicker than planned even if she could easily afford her repayments.

Factors to consider

• If you are 55 to 60, the taxable amount of your income from your TTR pension is taxed at your marginal tax rate, less a 15% tax offset.
• Once you turn 60, your TTR pension payments are all tax free.
• Any investment earnings generated from your TTR pension are subject to the same maximum 15% tax rate as superannuation accumulation funds.
• Once you reach age 65 or retire, your TTR pension will automatically convert to an ABP. This means more flexibility as the 10% maximum pension limit will no longer apply.

Need help?

You should seek financial advice before deciding if a TTR pension is right for you as it could help you understand the possible benefits and implications for your particular circumstances.

Returning to work after retirement

Most people look forward to retirement as it is a chance to finally take time to relax, enjoy life and do things they never had time for when they were working. But sometimes things change and some people feel the urge to return to work. If a return to work is inevitable, it is important to understand the superannuation retirement rules when it comes to working and accessing your superannuation.

Introduction

Many new retirees find that after a few months the novelty of being on ‘permanent vacation’ starts to wear off. Some people may miss their sense of identity, meaning, and purpose that came with their job, the daily structure it brought to their days, or the social aspect of having co-workers.

In fact, figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) have revealed financial necessity and boredom are the most common factors prompting retirees back into full or part-time employment^[1]. As such, it is not uncommon to want to return to work after retirement, even if only on a part-time or casual basis. Whatever your reasons or motivations might be, there are a range of factors to consider if you wish to return to work depending on your age.

There are three ways in which you can retire, access your superannuation and then return to work, which are summarised below.

1. Retire on or after reaching preservation age

Individuals can retire after reaching their preservation age^[2], ending gainful employment and declaring that they intend never to return to any ‘gainful employment’ for 10 hours or more each week.

It is illegal to access your superannuation with a false declaration of intention so your intention to retire must be genuine at the time. This is why your superannuation fund may require you to sign a declaration stating your intent.

That said, you can return to work while still accessing your superannuation as long as your intention to retire at the specific time was genuine and that you didn’t plan to return to work all along. Your intentions are allowed to change even though you may have retired and have already accessed your superannuation or are receiving age pension payments.

2. Ceasing an employment arrangement after age 60

From age 60, you can stop an employment arrangement (ie, resign from a job) and obtain full access to your superannuation without having to make any declaration about your retirement or future employment intentions.

If you are in this situation, you can return to work without any issues because there was no requirement for you to declare your retirement permanently. For example, you could resign from a job with one employer and start work with a different employer and access your superannuation.

3. Retire after age 65 or older

Once you turn age 65, you can access your superannuation regardless of your work status and do not need to make any declaration about your retirement status. You only need to be retired if you want to access your superannuation before you turn age 65.

Whether you are accessing your superannuation or not, you can return to work at any time.

Your super after returning to work

Regardless of what age category you fall into, you may have taken your superannuation as a lump sum, income stream or a combination of both. If your circumstances change and you return to work, any amounts in your superannuation fund, including any pension payments you may be receiving will remain accessible and can continue to be paid.

However upon recommencing any future employment, any future superannuation contributions and earnings from subsequent employment and any voluntary contributions will remain preserved until a further condition of release is met, such as retirement or reaching age 65.

Impact on age pension

If you are receiving the age pension and decide to return to work, your employment income will count towards Centrelink’s income test which may impact your age pension entitlements.

Having said that, Centrelink has a ‘Work Bonus’ scheme which reduces the amount of your employment income, or eligible self-employment income, which Centrelink applies to your rate of age pension entitlement under the income test. Fortunately, you don’t need to apply for the Work Bonus, rather Centrelink will apply the Work Bonus to your eligible income if you meet all the eligibility requirements. All you need to do is declare your income.

More information

If your intentions or circumstances have changed and you have decided that you would like to return to work, contact us if for a chat about your options.

Gifting and the age pension (bonus)

Many people gift assets to their family or friends to give them a helping hand. However care must be taken to ensure any gifting does not impact your current or future social security entitlements, such as the age pension.

What are the gifting rules?

For Centrelink purposes, gifting refers to selling or transferring income or assets for less than it’s worth or without receiving anything in return. If you receive adequate compensation, such as payment for an asset to the same value, it is not considered a gift.

Gifting limits

Although you can gift as much income or assets as you like, Centrelink imposes gifting limits to discourage retirees from giving away their wealth to qualify for more age pension income.

The gifting rules allow you to gift up to $10,000 each financial year or a maximum $30,000 over five financial years without this impacting your entitlement to government benefits.

When applying the gifting rules, they are first measured against the $10,000 per financial year rule (with the same limit applying to both singles and couples), then against the $30,000 limit over a rolling five financial year period.

If you exceed these limits, the excess amount will be treated as a ‘deprived asset’ and will count as an asset under Centrelink’s asset and income tests. When applying for a pension, the asset and income tests are both applied and the test that pays the lower rate of pension will apply.

Example

Kylie is 68 and receives the age pension. She decides to gift $50,000 to her son to help him buy his first property. Assuming Kylie has not gifted any amounts previously, the first $10,000 falls under the gifting free threshold. The remaining $40,000 will be treated as Kylie’s asset under the asset and income tests for the next five financial years, after which it won’t be counted.

If on the other hand Kylie decides to gift a lower amount of $20,000 to her son in the one go instead, she would still be impacted by the gifting rules. Even though she hasn’t used the entire $30,000 gifting limit over five financial years, $10,000 would be deemed a deprived asset (ie, $20,000 – $10,000) and count towards the asset and income test for five financial years because she gifted more than $10,000 in one financial year.

Timing is key

Centrelink looks retrospectively at any gifting amounts over the last five years. For example, if you gift your holiday house which is worth $1 million at the age of 61 to your kids, when you turn 67 and claim the age pension, that gift will not be assessed. This is because once the five year time period is up, any deprived assets are removed from the assessable assets used to calculate your entitlements.

As can be seen, this highlights a gifting strategy where you can gift large amounts that exceed the allowable gifting limits five years before you qualify for the age pension without the gifting rules applying against any age pension payments in the future. But remember, there are other financial implications of your gift that you should consider, such as missing out on investment income that your asset would have generated and any potential capital gains tax that may be payable if there is a change of ownership in the asset.

Obtain advice

If you are approaching age pension age and are considering gifting to help your family or friends, you should seek advice to assist with your specific situation as the gifting rules can be complex.

Damage or destruction of a rental property (bonus)

What happens if your property is damaged from the results of a natural disaster, or by tenants? Such a situation can affect the types of expenses you claim and the income you need to declare for your rental property.

Declaring income

If you receive a payout for damage to your rental property as a result of a disaster, you may need to include this amount as income on your tax return. This includes:

• insurance payout for loss of rental income
• insurance payout for repairs
• insurance payout for replacements (even if they are capital assets)
• money received from a relief fund.

Note however that money provided for immediate or urgent repairs may be exempt. If you receive a one-off payment as assistance from a charity or community group or even from a government arm, these are generally tax-free, as well as gifts from friends and/or family.

If your rental property is damaged or destroyed by a natural disaster, you may still be able to claim deductions for holding costs of the vacant land. Where you rented it out, or it was available for rent prior to the natural disaster, taxpayers can generally claim a deduction under the “exceptional circumstances” exemption. If the exemption applies to your circumstances, you can continue to claim deductions for three years from when the disaster occurred. This period can be extended if required by applying to the ATO.

Claiming deductions for repairs

Generally, repairs must relate directly to wear and tear or other damage that occurred as a result of you renting out the property. Examples of repairs include but are not limited to:

• replacing broken windows
• replacing part of a fence damaged by a bushfire
• replacing the plaster board in a wall damaged by flood inundation
• repairing electrical appliances or machinery.

Substantial changes, including improvement, modernisation, making additions or the replacement of an entire structure is not considered to be a repair.

Deduction for unoccupied property repairs

The ATO has used an example before of a rental property that was tenanted when it was severely damaged by a cyclone. Due to the damage, the tenants had to move out. The owner carried out repairs and then advertised the property for rent. Even though the property was not available for rent while being repaired, the owner was able to claim his repairs.

Capital expenditure which may be claimable over time

Capital allowances: For each asset where you may claim a deduction for decline in value (depreciation) you can choose to use either the effective life the ATO has determined for such assets or your own reasonable estimate of its effective life (although where you estimate an asset’s effective life, you must keep records to show how you worked it out).

Depreciating assets: Depreciable assets are those items that can be described as “plant”, which do not form part of the premises. They are usually not part of the main structure, and not likely to be permanent and expected to be replaced within a relatively short period.

Examples of depreciable assets include carpets, curtains, appliances (such as a dishwasher or fridge), and furniture. If you replace a depreciating asset costing up to $300 you can generally claim an immediate deduction. Note that a deduction is only available for new assets, and not for second-hand assets.

Capital works: Capital works is used to describe certain kinds of construction expenditure used to produce income. Examples include but are not limited to:

• building construction costs
• cost of altering a building
• major renovations to a room
• adding a fence.

The rate of deduction for these expenses is 2.5% per year for 40 years following the completion of the construction.

Capital gains tax implications

If an insurance payout is made on a dwelling that is not your main residence (eg a holiday home or rental property), it may need to be taken into account for capital gains tax purposes.

If you rebuild or replace your property, you may be entitled to roll over any capital gain you make. For the rollover to apply you must have incurred some of the expenditure to acquire another property within one year after the end of the income year in which the property was damaged or destroyed.

Where your property is destroyed and you do not rebuild, you will need to calculate your capital gain or loss. Any insurance payout received will be counted as capital proceeds when calculating your gain or loss. However, where you don’t receive any payouts the market value substitution rule does not apply and generally you can claim a capital loss.

Otherwise, a capital gain will arise if the insurance payout is more that the asset’s cost base. A capital loss will arise if the insurance payout is less that the asset’s reduced cost base. Note that calculating the cost base of a destroyed building on land can be complex. Where you have this situation, please call us to discuss.

[1] ABS – Retirement and Retirement Intentions, Australia, released 29/8/2023

[2] Refer to ‘Using super to pay the mortgage’ article for more information on preservation age

Give yourself a super gift this Christmas 

Give yourself the ultimate gift that doesn’t cost a thing – a super to-do list which is a gift that will benefit you now and in the future.

1. Consolidate your super

With over 10 million unintended multiple superannuation accounts, these multiple accounts are costing Australians an extra $690 million in duplicated administration fees and $1.9 billion in insurance premiums per year, which is eroding many Australians’ hard earned superannuation benefits. If you are one of these individuals with multiple superannuation accounts, there may be benefits to rolling your accounts onto one superannuation fund.

Consolidating your superannuation is now easier than ever, using ATO online services or your myGov account. If you’re not sure whether you might have other superannuation accounts, you can search for lost or unclaimed super via the ATO or by logging into your myGov account linked to the ATO and clicking on Manage my super.

However before you consolidate your funds, there are a few things you should do, such as:

consider whether you have any insurance cover which may be lost when transferring benefits to a new fund, and

check on other details such as fees, insurance premiums, variety of investment options available, performance data, and tax implications from consolidating your superannuation to ensure the transfer provides you with better value and meets your needs.

2. Review your investment strategy

Your superannuation fund trustee invests your money for you. Most funds allow you choose from a range of investment options, from conservative to growth. Take the time to check your investment options and decide what’s right for you. The options you choose can make a big difference to how your super grows between now and your retirement.

If you manage your own self-managed superannuation fund (SMSF), the super laws require you to prepare and implement an investment strategy for your SMSF and review the strategy regularly (ie, at least annually). Your investment strategy is effectively your plan for making, holding and realising assets consistent with your investment objectives and retirement goals. It also needs to set out why and how you’ve chosen to invest your retirement savings to meet the goals outlined in the strategy. Review your investment strategy to ensure it meets each member’s investment and retirement objectives.

3. Make extra contributions

Making small financial sacrifices and contributing to super over the years is key to long-term wealth. This long-term growth is due to the power of compounding interest. Superannuation uses compounding interest to grow your balance which will help you in retirement. If you’re an employee, your employer will pay 11% of your salary/wages into superannuation in 2023/24 that will benefit from compounding interest and grow until you reach retirement.

To boost the amount you’ll have saved at retirement, you may want to consider making additional contributions through salary sacrificing or making personal after-tax contributions to superannuation. However contribution caps must be considered to avoid exceeding the caps and paying extra tax.

4. Check your insurance

Insurance is another key aspect of your superannuation that you should review. Superannuation funds generally offer three types of insurance for their members, including life insurance, total and permanent disablement (TPD) insurance and income protection insurance, so it’s important to check whether you have any cover within your fund.

Some funds provide a default level of insurance as a standard inclusion when you open your account, but it’s worthwhile seeking advice to determine whether your current level of cover will adequately protect you and your family in the event of injury, illness or death.

5. Check your beneficiary nominations

Despite what many people may think, superannuation is not an estate asset which means on death it does not automatically flow to your estate. This means that your Will does not typically deal with your superannuation benefits.

To make sure your superannuation is distributed to the right people, you should nominate a valid beneficiary. If you don’t nominate a beneficiary or you have an invalid nomination (ie, because your nominated beneficiary does not meet the definition of a superannuation law dependant at the time of your death), your superannuation fund may decide who receives your superannuation money, regardless of what you have in your Will. For this reason, it is important to regularly review your superannuation death benefit nominations* when your circumstances change to ensure it remains up to date and ends up in the hands of the right person(s).

Sleigh the super way

Superannuation is your money so it pays to take an active interest in your superannuation during your working years. Reviewing your current superannuation and making these simple changes can help boost the amount you have available for retirement over the long term.

Lost or destroyed tax records? Don’t panic!

Now and then, taxpayers may find themselves in a situation where they simply have no records to back up a tax claim. There can be many reasons for this, such as losing documents (either paper or electronic) when moving home, or technology failures that end up with the same result (or worse, destroyed records).

And with a hot summer predicted, let’s not forget the very real danger of natural disasters and the devastation these can have on people’s lives, not just their financial concerns.

It’s true that in these modern times the ATO’s systems are able to pre-fill quite a lot of data, and this is only going to increase over time, which can mean that taxpayers can relax a little more about having to stay on top of record keeping. But there can still be situations where essential back-up documents or other evidence is required that may be unavailable for one reason or another.

If your records are damaged or destroyed or simply missing, there are ways to a remedy, or at least an acceptable outcome. First of all, be assured that we will hold quite a substantial amount of required information, so your first and perhaps best inquiry could be to your friendly tax professional.

But the ATO can also help. It can re-issue or supply copies of tax documents, such as income tax returns, activity statements, or notices of assessment. We can help if you need to request copies of any tax documents.

If you have lost your TFN, we will most likely have that on our records. If for some reason you have not given that to us in the past, it is still possible to interact with the ATO using other information to verify your identity, such as your date of birth, address and bank account details. Your super fund will also have your TFN, but will also require identity verification.

Your employer or payer should have copies of your PAYG payment summaries, and your bank should be able to provide you with any bank records that have been destroyed. Note that if your bank charges a fee for replacing bank records and providing any other service to help you to reconstruct records or provide information due to a disaster, you can claim a deduction in the income year that those fees are charged.

If you are unable to substantiate claims made in your tax returns or activity statements because your records have been lost or destroyed, it is generally the case that the ATO is still able to accept the claim without substantiation — for example, where it is not reasonably possible to obtain the original documents.

If you have a self-managed super fund (SMSF), it is a requirement to maintain compliance as an SMSF to keep certain records. If you have lost these records in a disaster, the ATO will consider a request for additional time to meet your reporting obligations (call 13 10 20). Where possible, the ATO should make available information that was previously reported for your SMSF.

Taken goods for private use? Here’s the latest values

The ATO knows that many business owners naturally help themselves to their trading stock and use it for their own purposes. This common practice can occur in businesses such as butchers, bakers, corner stores, cafes and more.

The ATO regularly issues guidance for business owners on the value it expects will be allocated to goods taken from trading stock for private use. The table below shows these values for the 2023-24 income year.

The basis for determining values is the latest Household Expenditure Survey results issued by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, adjusted for CPI movements for each category.

Note that the ATO recognises that greater or lesser values may be appropriate in particular cases, and where you are able to provide evidence of a lower value, this should be used.

If you have any questions regarding this issue, please reach out to us for guidance.

Two “main residences” is possible

The CGT exemption for a person’s home is only available in respect of one home owned at any given time. In other words, you can’t get two main residence exemptions applying to two different homes at the same time.

However, there is one exception to this rule – and that exception applies where a person has bought a new home before selling the old one. In this case, both homes can be entitled to the main residence exemption for an “overlap” period of up to six months.

But if the homeowner takes longer than six months to sell or dispose of the original home, a partial exemption will apply to one or other of the homes for the period in excess of six months. Generally, this will be the home that wasn’t the person’s main residence during this “excess period”.

However, a number of important conditions must be met in order to be able to use this concession in the first place – and this is where the guidance of your tax adviser is needed.

There is another important “overlapping” area in which the principles of not having two CGT-exempt main residences at the same time applies, and that is where “spouses” may have different main residences at the same time. Typically, this maybe where one spouse lives in their country or coastal home, while the other lives in their apartment in the city or interstate for work purposes (on a weekly or monthly basis, say).

But it also importantly includes the case where a couple start living together in a married or de-facto relationship, while one of the spouses retains their existing home and rents it (and therefore can apply a CGT concession to continue to treat it as their home).

Where this type of situation occurs there is a special rule that applies. The spouses must either:

• choose one of the homes to be the CGT-exempt main residence of both of them for this period; or
• each must choose the respective homes in which they live as their main residence – in which case generally they will each only get a half exemption on the home they choose for that overlap period.

These rules are complex and depend on a range of matters including the legal interest each spouse holds in each home, the use of any CGT concessions and, in certain cases, the thorny issue of whether the parties are in fact “de-facto” partners. Suffice to say, professional advice is very much needed in this type of situation.

Don’t ignore those tax debts: the ATO won’t!

Whilst the ATO went out of its way to assist businesses doing it tough during the COVID lockdowns, a more robust approach to collecting outstanding tax debts now seems to be the order of the day.

Other people’s money

A major part of the tax debts of many businesses represents the temporary withholding of other people’s money – employees’ PAYG withholding and their superannuation guarantee amounts. And the GST the business charges on the taxable supplies it makes doesn’t belong to the business either.

Some clients avoid mixing their own money and other people’s money. They have opened a separate BAS bank account for the withheld amounts so that those funds will be available when required, regardless of what happens in the business.

Director Penalty Notices

The ATO is particularly focused on employee entitlements and will not hesitate to issue Director Penalty Notices (DPNs) where there has been serious non-compliance by corporate entities.

Under a DPN, the sins of the company are visited on the directors, who will each be personally liable for any unpaid amounts.

As DPNs are a complex and serious matter, please contact us urgently should you receive one.

Disclosure to Credit Reporting Bureaus

One relatively recent development is the disclosure by the ATO of outstanding tax debts exceeding $100,000 to the various Credit Reporting Bureaus, which in turn could have an adverse impact on a business’ future ability to obtain finance. The ATO will contact the business ahead of making such a disclosure to give them an opportunity to set things right.

Simplified debt restructuring

Another relatively recent option, effective from 1 January 2021, is a less formal restructuring option for small incorporated businesses experiencing financial stress. Simplified debt restructuring is open to businesses with total debts of up to $1 million where the business has not undergone a restructure or a simplified liquidation in the last seven years. To be eligible, their current employee entitlement obligations and tax lodgements all have to be up to date.

The process involves appointing a small business restructuring practitioner (SBRP) and devising a plan setting out how much creditors would be paid under the plan if implemented. Creditors then vote on the plan, which is implemented if approved. The ATO is often the major unsecured creditor in these matters, and we understand they have been quite open to approving many of the restructuring plans put forward.

The advantage of this method is that the directors continue to run the business throughout the restructuring process, subject to seeking the consent of the SBRP for any transactions falling outside the normal course of business.

In the meantime, there is a moratorium on the enforcement of debts by unsecured creditors and some secured creditors, while any personal guarantees given by a director or their spouse cannot be enforced except with leave from the court.

In order to qualify, a company has to be insolvent, or about to become insolvent. However, the core business has to be viable, or there would be little point in a restructure. This requires a realistic assessment of how the business is currently performing and what its future prospects are. If the core business is unviable due to industry changes, liquidation may be a more realistic option.

A number of small businesses have applied this option and successfully repaid debt on a compromised basis, emerging from an approved restructuring plan unburdened by unsustainable debt.

Although the economic environment remains challenging, businesses with tax debts they have trouble meeting need to approach the ATO to explain their problems and settle on a payment plan that is adhered to. If you wish, we can help you construct a payment plan to put to the ATO.

The taxation of super death benefits

Wondering if your beneficiaries will pay tax on your superannuation death benefits? The answer is it depends on a number of important factors.

Most people will have heard of Benjamin Franklin’s quote “in this world, nothing is certain except death and taxes”. He raises a valid point as the tax office will be ready to take their share of your death benefits when the time comes.

With that in mind, it is important to understand the tax rules that govern superannuation death benefits so you can ensure your benefits are distributed to your beneficiaries in the most tax-effective manner possible.

This article briefly summarises the three key factors that will determine whether your superannuation death benefits will be taxed when distributed to your beneficiaries.

1. Will a tax dependant receive the benefit?

The concept of super and tax law dependants was covered in detail in November’s Newsletter. However, to recap, a tax dependant will not pay any tax on your super death benefits.

A tax dependant includes the following people:

• A current spouse, including de facto and former spouse
• Children under 18
• A person who is financially dependent or in an interdependency relationship with the deceased.

2. The underlying components of your benefit

Your current superannuation benefit may comprise of a taxable component and a tax-free component. As such, when you pass away, any death benefit payment made to your beneficiary(s) will reflect the proportions of the tax components of your member balance.

The taxable component of your superannuation benefit generally includes concessional contributions, such as superannuation guarantee and salary sacrifice contributions, and earnings made on your account balance.

However the taxable component of your superannuation benefit may also consist of an untaxed element if:

• Your benefit is paid from an untaxed fund (ie, your fund does not pay 15% tax on contributions or earnings – this is common in public sector funds and constitutionally protected funds, however most Australians are in taxed superannuation funds), or
• Your death benefit contains insurance proceeds and the fund has claimed a tax deduction for life insurance premiums.

TIp – the tax free component of your superannuation benefit will always be received tax-free by your beneficiaries, regardless of whether they are a tax dependant or not.

3. How will the death benefit be paid – lump sum or income stream?

Lump sum death benefits

Lump sum superannuation death benefits paid to tax dependants directly or via your personal legal representative are not taxed.

However death benefits paid to non-tax dependants (ie, a financially independent adult child) are subject to tax on any taxable component of the lump sum superannuation benefit, which may include both a taxed and/or untaxed element.

Table 1 below summarises how the taxable component of a superannuation death benefit is taxed when it is paid as a lump sum in the event of a person’s death.

Table 1: Tax on super death benefit lump sum payments

* Plus Medicare levy, unless paid to deceased’s estate

Tip – if your superannuation death benefit is paid into your estate, your executor is responsible for deducting the appropriate tax when the amount is distributed to your beneficiaries. As your estate is not an individual, no Medicare Levy is payable which means non-tax dependants can avoid paying the additional 2% Medicare levy!

Death benefit income streams

Table 2 below summarises the tax payable on tax components based on the age of the beneficiary (at the date of payment) and the age of deceased (at the date of death).

Table 2: Tax on super death benefit income stream payments

As can be seen, the tax treatment depends on the age you pass away, the age of your beneficiary, as well as the underlying tax components of the income stream.

Need help?

The tax treatment of superannuation can be complex so please contact us if you need help or more information regarding your specific circumstances.

Who can I nominate as my super beneficiary?

Your superannuation death benefits must be paid to someone when you die. That somebody will usually be your estate or your nominated beneficiary (also known as your dependants).

Paying death benefits to your estate

Unlike other assets such as shares and property, your superannuation and any insurance benefits you have in superannuation do not form part of your estate. That’s because your superannuation is not held by you personally, rather it is held in trust for you by the trustee of your superannuation fund.

However, you can direct your superannuation death benefit to your estate by nominating your “legal personal representative” (LPR), who will usually be the executor of your estate.

If you nominate your estate or LPR, you must also specify in your Will who you want to distribute your superannuation money to. This can include eligible beneficiaries (see below) as well as anyone else you wish to leave your death benefits to.

As such, it’s important that the directions stated in your Will are up to date so your LPR pays out your death benefits (as well as your other estate assets) as per your wishes.

Paying death benefits to a beneficiary/dependant

If you want your superannuation death benefits to be paid to a person, that person must be a “dependant” for superannuation purposes.

The meaning of dependant is important as it determines who can receive a death benefit, whether the death benefit will be taxed and what form your death benefit can be paid out (ie, lump sum, income stream, etc). In particular, superannuation law determines who can receive your superannuation directly from your superannuation fund without having to go through your estate. These people are your superannuation dependants. Tax law on the other hand determines who pays tax on your superannuation death benefit. These people are considered tax dependants.

The following table summarises the difference between:

• A superannuation dependant and tax law dependant, and
• The types of death benefit that can be paid to each category of dependants.

1. Income stream must be commuted by the time the child turns 25, unless the child has a prescribed disability
2. Deceased died in the line of duty as a member of the Defence Force, Australian Federal Police, the police force of a state or territory, or as a protective service officer.

As can be seen, the key differences between the superannuation and tax dependant definitions are:

• a tax dependant does not include an adult child (whereas a superannuation dependant does), and
• a tax dependant includes a former spouse (whereas a superannuation dependant does not).

Although your financially-independent adult children are your superannuation dependants and can receive a death benefit directly from your superannuation fund, they are not tax dependants. This means they will not receive more favourable tax treatment than a tax dependant would receive unless they qualify under an ‘interdependency relationship’ or are financially dependent on you.

A tax dependant will generally not pay any tax on superannuation death benefits. In contrast, a non-tax dependant is taxed on any taxable components of a superannuation death benefit. This could be up to 15% tax plus Medicare levy on any taxable component and potentially up to 30% plus Medicare levy for any taxable untaxed elements within your fund.

Tip – if you would like to leave your superannuation to someone who is not a dependant under superannuation law, you could consider nominating your LPR and then use your Will to determine how you would like superannuation death benefits to be paid.

For example, if you wish to nominate your parent or financially-independent sibling, or a cousin or friend, you could make a binding nomination to your LPR and then instruct them on how to divide your superannuation through your Will. 

Need help?

Please contact us if you would like further information about who you can nominate to receive your superannuation death benefits.

Who is a resident for tax purposes?

A person’s residency for tax purposes can be one of the most difficult issues to determine in Australian tax law. And it is not just a question of whether a person is a “citizen” of Australia.

Moreover, it is highly relevant from a tax point of view, as a person who is a resident of Australia for tax purposes  is liable for tax in Australia on their income from “all sources” (ie both from Australia and overseas) –  including capital gains. On the other hand, a person who is not a  resident of Australia for tax purposes, is only liable for tax in Australia on income and capital gains that are considered ‘sourced’ in Australia.

A recent decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) illustrates some of the issues involved in determining this complex matter (see PQBZ v FCT [2023] AATA 2984).

In that case, the AAT found that the taxpayer was a resident of Australia for tax purposes under the ‘ordinarily resides’ test or principle – without having to consider the ‘subsidiary’ tests which involve, for example, questions of the person’s ‘domicile’ and whether they intended to take up residency in Australia.

Significant to the AAT’s decision was that, apart from his business interests in an overseas country and the unit he lived in there to carry on that business, all of the taxpayer’s personal (and other) ‘connections’ were otherwise clearly with Australia.

These Australian connections included his family home, his personal and other business assets, where his wife and children lived, Australian bank accounts and his Australian health insurance.

It was also relevant that for the several years in question, the majority of the time he had spent living in Australia.

As a result the taxpayer, as a resident of Australia for tax purposes, was liable to tax in Australia on his overseas business income.

But not all residency issues are apparently as clear cut as this.

In other cases, it is necessary to consider issues such as whether the taxpayer has been in Australia for half the income year or more and whether they intend to take up residency in Australia.

It may also be necessary to consider the complexities of any ‘double tax agreement’ with the country in question.

And suffice to say, if the issue is relevant to you, not only is the advice of your professional adviser invaluable, it is also essential.

When two bonuses are not enough: introducing the Energy Incentive!

If you’ve been putting off upgrading the inefficient office air-conditioner, a new 20% bonus deduction might just be the incentive you need to help beat the heat before it arrives with a vengeance!

Whilst the small business Technology Investment Boost has now ceased¹, not only can you still take advantage of the Skills and Training Boost (generally for expenditure on training employees incurred before 30 June 2024), but there is also now a new kid in town – the small business Energy Incentive!

Similar in design to the earlier ‘boosts’, the proposed Energy Incentive provides a bonus tax deduction of 20% of expenditure on improving the energy efficiency of your business.  Up to $100,000 of expenditure can be eligible for the incentive, with the maximum bonus tax deduction being $20,000 for the 2023-2024 tax year.

What type of expenses are eligible for the bonus? Where you can show improved energy efficiency, expenditure on electrifying heating and cooling systems, upgrading appliances such as fridges and cooktops, and installing batteries, heat pumps and off-peak electricity monitors can all be eligible. (As always, there are some exclusions, such as expenditure on motor vehicles, building improvements and financing expenses.)

Although this proposed Energy Incentive is not yet law, it is an opportune time to consider whether your business may want to take advantage of the bonus and undertake the preparation and ‘leg work’ needed to ensure you can maximise the bonus.

If you are interested in finding out more about either the Skills and Training Boost or the proposed new Energy Incentive, feel free to reach out to us and we can provide the information and guidance needed to make sure your business gets the most out of both incentives (before they end on 30 June 2024!)

1 Where eligible, businesses will be able to claim this bonus in their 2023 tax return.

Qualifying as an interdependent or financial dependant

A question that often gets asked when dealing with death benefit nominations is whether a person will qualify under the interdependency or financial dependency definitions. This is an important consideration as meeting the dependency criteria will enable potential beneficiaries to qualify as a dependant and therefore allow them to receive a death benefit.

Interdependency relationship

Put simply, an interdependency relationship exists between two people if all of the following conditions are met:

1. They have a close personal relationship
2. They live together
3. One or both provides the other with financial support
4. One or both provides the other with domestic support and personal care.

However, if two people satisfy the close personal relationship requirement but cannot satisfy the other three requirements, they can still satisfy the interdependency relationship if:

• Either or both of them suffer from a physical, intellectual or psychiatric disability, or
• They are temporarily living apart (eg, overseas or in gaol).

There is no easy way in determining whether an interdependent relationship exists, however superannuation law provides the following list of considerations to help superannuation fund trustees determine if an interdependency relationship exists (or existed before one of the parties died):

• Duration of relationship
• Whether or not a sexual relationship exists
• Ownership, use and acquisition of property
• Degree of mutual commitment to a shared life
• Care and support of children
• Reputation and public aspects of the relationship
• Degree of emotional support
• Extent to which the relationship is one of mere convenience
• Any evidence suggesting that the parties intend the relationship to be permanent
• A statutory declaration signed by one of the persons to the effect that the person is or was in an interdependency relationship with the other person.

It is not necessary that each of these factors exists in order for an interdependency relationship to exist. Instead, each factor is to be given the appropriate weighting depending on the circumstances.

Tip – if you are uncertain whether an interdependency relationship exists (ie, where adult siblings have been living together, or where an adult child has been living with their parents), you can always request a private ruling from the Australian Taxation Office as the definition for interdependency is the same under both superannuation and tax law.

Financial dependant

If a beneficiary fails to meet the interdependency relationship criteria, they may qualify as a financial dependant. Being financially dependent on the deceased generally means you relied on them for necessary financial support. This also applies to children over 18 years old as they must be financially dependent on the deceased to be considered a financial dependant.

That said, the term financial dependant is not expressly defined in superannuation or tax legislation, so it takes on the ordinary meaning of that term. As such, the definition of financial dependant is reliant on case law and comes down to the facts of each case.

In most cases, it is not the value of payments received from the member that establishes financial dependency but the degree of dependency on that payment. This includes the extent the person relies on the financial support provided by another person to meet basic living expenses.

For example, a grandparent who chooses to pay school fees for their grandchild is unlikely to have their grandchild qualify as a financial dependant. This is mainly due to the fact that the payment is seen to be more discretionary in nature than providing for an essential element of life, such as food or shelter.

In summary, superannuation case law provides more flexibility for someone to be partially or wholly dependent, whereas tax dependency takes a stricter approach as a substantial degree of dependency is required.

Contact us

The conditions for the existence of an interdependency and financial dependency relationship under the law can be complex. If you require further information on this topic, please contact us for a chat.

How to nominate a super beneficiary

There are many types of nominations offered by different funds. Knowing which one suits your circumstances is key to ensure your superannuation ends up in the right hands.

Types of nominations

Individuals can direct or influence their superannuation fund trustee as to how they want their death benefits distributed by completing a death benefit nomination form.

Superannuation funds offer a range of death benefit nominations, including:

• Non-binding death benefit nominations
• Binding death benefit nominations
• Non-lapsing binding nominations
• Reversionary pension nominations, and
• In the case of an SMSF, executing a trust deed amendment or using one of the above types of nominations.

However not all funds will provide all options to their members, and completion of these forms is best done by the member in conjunction with their adviser and an estate planning lawyer in the first instance.

Non-binding death benefit nomination

This is the most common type of death benefit nomination and is offered by most superannuation funds. A non-binding nomination is an expression of wishes which is not binding on trustees. The trustee of your superannuation fund will look at the nomination you make, but will exercise discretion to determine which of your beneficiaries receives your superannuation and in what proportions.

Binding death benefit nomination

A binding death benefit nomination is a written direction from a member to their superannuation trustee setting out how they wish some or all of their superannuation death benefits to be distributed. The nomination is generally valid for a maximum of three years and lapses if it is not renewed. If this nomination is valid at the time of your death, the trustee is bound by law to follow it.

Non-lapsing binding death benefit nomination

This is a written direction by a member to their superannuation trustee establishing how they wish some or all of their superannuation death benefits to be distributed. These nominations generally remain in place forever unless you cancel or replace it with a new nomination. If this nomination is valid at the time of your death, the trustee is bound by law to follow it.

Reversionary pension nomination

If you are in receipt of an income stream, you can nominate a beneficiary (usually your spouse) to whom the payments automatically revert upon your death. With this type of death benefit nomination, the fund trustee is required to continue paying the superannuation pension to your beneficiary if your benefit nomination is valid.

SMSFs and death benefit nominations

If you are an SMSF member and want to make a death benefit nomination, it is important to review your fund’s trust deed requirements to determine the rules regarding death benefit nominations. Although the High Court recently ruled in the case of Hill v Zuda Pty Ltd [2022] that traditional three-year lapsing binding death benefit nominations do not apply to SMSFs, many trust deeds expressly include the traditional requirements. If this is the case, they must be complied with, and the nomination will lapse.

What if there is no nomination or an invalid nomination?

If you have not made a nomination, your superannuation fund will have rules for determining the death benefit recipient(s). In many cases, funds will either exercise discretion and follow the same process as if a member had a non-binding nomination, or pay your benefit to your legal personal representative (LPR). The risk with this option is if you don’t have a Will, your benefit may be distributed under the relevant state laws for dealing with intestacy!

Similarly, if your nominated beneficiary does not meet the definition of a superannuation law dependant at the time of your death, the nomination will be deemed invalid. Again, it will come down to your fund’s rules which may determine that your benefit must be paid to your LPR or alternatively that the trustee exercise their discretion.

Check your nomination

Remember to regularly review your superannuation death benefit nominations when your circumstances change to ensure it remains up to date and ends up in the hands of the right person(s).

How to reduce your income tax bill using superannuation  

Did you know you can reduce your income tax by making a large personal tax-deductible contribution from your take-home pay to your super? This strategy may be particularly useful if you will be earning more income this financial year or if you have sold an asset this year and made a large capital gain.

What is a personal deductible contribution?

A personal deductible contribution is a type of concessional contribution that you make with your own money and claim as a personal tax deduction in your tax return, subject to meeting certain eligibility criteria (see other article on personal deductible contributions).

Other types of concessional contributions include superannuation guarantee (SG) contributions from your employer and amounts you salary sacrifice to superannuation.

The cap on concessional contributions is currently $27,500 per year in 2023/24. However certain individuals may be eligible to use the “catch-up” concessional contribution rules to make a larger contribution.

What are catch-up concessional contributions?

You can carry forward any unused concessional contribution cap amounts that have accrued since 2018/19 for up to five financial years and use them to make concessional contributions in excess of the annual concessional contribution cap.

You can make a concessional contribution using the unused carry forward amounts provided your total superannuation balance at the end of the previous financial year (ie, 30 June 2023) is below $500,000.

Once you start to use some of your unused cap amounts, the rules operate on a first-in first-out basis. That is, any unused cap amounts are applied to increase your concessional contribution cap in order from the earliest year to the most recent year. So, when you use some of your unused cap from prior years (by making additional superannuation contributions), the unused cap from the earliest of the five-year period is used first.

And remember, if you don’t use your accrued carry forward amounts after five years, your unused cap amounts will expire. So it’s best to use it before you lose it!

Carry forward contributions may provide strategic opportunities to make larger personal deductible contributions in financial years where you may have a higher level of taxable income, for example, due to assessable capital gains.

Example – reducing income tax

Joe earns $90,000 and only receives SG contributions from his employer (ie, 9.5% for 2018/19 – 2020/21, 10% in 2021/22, 10.5% in 2022/23 and 11% in 2023/24).

He sold some shares in 2023/24 realising a net (discounted) capital gain of $30,000.

After factoring in his SG contributions, Joe’s cumulative unused concessional contribution (CC) cap amount in 2023/24 is $103,500.

This can be seen as follows:

 Having an unused concessional contribution cap amount of $103,500 will allow Joe to make a personal deductible contribution of $30,000 to fully offset the amount of the capital gain and still remain well within his concessional contribution cap.

As a result, by contributing $30,000 as a personal deductible contribution, Joe will have boosted his superannuation while also saving $5,850 in tax being the difference between the tax payable on the capital gain of $10,350 (ie, $30,000 x 34.5% marginal tax rate) and 15% contributions tax of $4,500 ($30,000 x 15%).

Seek advice

It’s important to seek advice before you make any superannuation contribution. Getting it wrong could mean a loss of all or part of your deduction and may also cause you to exceed the contribution caps which can lead to paying excess contributions tax.

Changes to unfair contract terms laws: what businesses need to know

Soon to be implemented changes to the Australian Consumer Law will provide additional protection to consumers and small businesses prohibiting the proposal, use or reliance on unfair contract terms in standard form contracts.

The ACCC recognises that “standard form contracts provide a cost-effective way for many businesses to contract with significant volumes of consumer or small business customers. However, these contracts are largely imposed on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis and are usually drafted to the advantage of the party offering them”.

Currently under the laws protecting consumers and small businesses from unfair terms in standard for contracts, where particular terms of a contract are found to be unfair, a Court can only declare those terms void.  This provides little motivation to ensure the terms of standard form contracts are, in fact, fair.

From 9 November 2023, in addition to expanding the coverage of the unfair contract term laws to a wider range of small businesses, Courts will now be able to impose substantial penalties where unfair terms have been included in a standard form contract, and a party to the contract is a small business (that is, small businesses with an annual turnover of less than $10m or fewer than 100 employees).

With the maximum penalties increasing to $2.5m for individuals, and for businesses to the greater of $50 million or three times the value of the “reasonably attributable” benefit obtained from the conduct, the ACCC is encouraging businesses to review their standard form contracts prior to these changes taking effect.

You can view more information about changes to the unfair contract terms laws on the ACCC’s website here and here.

If you have any questions about these changes, please reach out to us.

Property developers – and would-be ones – beware!

For property developers – or would-be property developers – a recent decision of the Federal Court may be of interest.

In Makrylos v FCT [2023] FCA 971, land acquired by a property developer was treated as trading stock from the date of its original acquisition, and not a later date proposed by the taxpayer. This meant, among other things, that his profit was calculated on the original purchase price of the land and not the later (and larger) market value at the time it had been “ventured” into the relevant property development activity, as claimed by the taxpayer. It also had an influence on what costs he could claim as a deduction and when he could claim them.

The Federal Court came to its decision notwithstanding that the taxpayer lived on the property at various times. However, the taxpayer was also an experienced property developer who subdivided the land, albeit this was not required for the construction of a family home and caretaker’s residence, which is what the taxpayer claimed was his original intention for the land.

The fact that the taxpayer periodically lived in the dwelling on the land but left it vacant for significant periods did not assist him as the Court found that his intention from the time when he purchased it was to treat it as trading stock of his business.

The Federal Court said that it would have come to the same result even if he was not a property developer, but had “merely” acquired it for profit making purposes in a one-off transaction.

So, if you buy property for property development purpose for which documentary evidence exists, it may not matter if you rent it and/or live in it first, especially if you are a property developer.

And one thing for sure, it won’t help if you staked out the property for subdivision purposes soon after you acquire it!

Suffice to say, if you are thinking of acquiring land for property development purposes, you should seek professional advice from your taxation and legal advisers.

Small business skills and training boost

Looking to boost your employees’ skills and your tax deductions at the same time ? Then keep reading to see if you could be eligible for the small business skills and training boost!

If you run a small or medium business and are planning on investing in, or recently invested in, training your employees, taking care to ensure the training is provided by a registered training provider could mean you can claim an additional 20% bonus tax deduction at tax time.

Which training expenses are eligible for the bonus?

Eligible expenditure must be:

• for training your employees, in-person in Australia, or online
• for training provided by registered training providers (for example see gov.au and National Register of Higher Education Providers)
• charged by the registered training provider for course fees and related items such as books and equipment (for deductions claimed over time such as depreciation, the bonus deduction will be calculated as 20% of the full amount and claimed upfront)
• incurred between 29 March 2022 and 30 June 2023 (the bonus is claimed in your 2022-23 tax return) or between 1 July 2023 and 30 June 2024 (the bonus is claimed in your 2023-24 tax return).

Which training expenses are not eligible for the bonus?

• Training you provide to your employees yourself (eg on-the-job training)
• Training for yourself if you are self-employed or in a partnership
• Training provided to independent contractors
• Training provided by non-registered providers
• Training provided by registered providers that are associates of yours
• Expenses not charged by the registered training provider eg if an intermediary has charged a commission on top of the training course.

To avoid a costly unexpected FBT liability come 31 March, make sure the training relates to an employee’s current duties or helps them get a promotion or pay-rise in their current role – see our September 2023 Newsletter.  (Paying an employee’s HECs or other study-loan repayment will usually attract FBT.)

If you are uncertain whether your training expenditure is deductible, eligible for the bonus, or concerned it may attract FBT, reach out to us – we’d love to help.

Don’t overlook the CGT small business roll-over concession

The CGT small business concessions are invaluable to those who make a capital gain from a small business. They can eliminate a gain entirely; they can reduce a gain; and they can allow for the gain to be CGT-free if paid into a superannuation fund.

But it is often forgotten that the gain can also be rolled over.

And this concession can be very useful depending on your circumstances and business intentions, especially where it may be used in conjunction with the other CGT small business concessions.

Broadly, this roll-over concession allows you to roll-over a capital gain if a “replacement asset” is acquired within the 2-year “replacement asset period”.

However, the rolled over gain will be reinstated if the amount of the capital gain is not expended on acquiring a replacement asset within this time period. In this way, the roll-over offers a 2-year deferral of the assessment and taxation of the capital gain.

But apart from the advantage of the 2-year deferral (which will also give you time to think about what to do with the money and whether to go back into business), the reinstated gain is eligible for the retirement concession – which allows you to take a capital gain of up to $500,000 tax-free if you are 55 or over, or otherwise requires you to pay the gain into your super fund.

Moreover, the 2-year deferral may allow you to access this concession in the most advantageous way – namely, when you are aged 55 years or over!

Likewise, a capital gain will be reinstated if a replacement asset is acquired, but after the 2-year period, it ceases to be used as a business asset (eg it is sold or taken for private use).

In this case the reinstated gain is also entitled to the retirement concession. But additionally it is also entitled to be rolled over again, which can be invaluable to a small business owner in a range of circumstances (even to the extent of continually rolling over the gain until retirement).

For example, say you make a capital gain from selling your gym business. This capital gain can be rolled over by acquiring new equipment in other gyms you own. And each time these wear out and are disposed of, the capital gain reinstated can be used to acquire replacement equipment. This can be done continuously until you reach retirement and then finally crystalise the reinstated gain.

Of course, like all areas of tax, it is an area which requires the considered advice of a taxation professional – especially in relation to any tax planning opportunities!

Are you eligible to make a personal deductible contribution?

Personal deductible contributions can allow individuals to claim a tax deduction for contributions they have made to superannuation provided they meet certain requirements. So what are these requirements and what should you look out for?

Eligibility requirements

You will be eligible to claim a deduction for your personal superannuation contributions if:

• You meet the aged based rules
• Your taxable income is more than the amount you want to claim as a deduction (ie, your deduction can’t give you a tax loss)
• You make the contribution to a complying superannuation fund
• You give a special notice to your fund telling the trustee how much you want to claim
• You give your fund that notice within strict timeframes
• Your fund sends you an acknowledgement confirming your notice has been received and is valid

You must meet all of the above criteria otherwise you won’t be eligible to claim a deduction for your contributions.

Meeting the age-based rules

If you are between age 18 and 66 when you make your contribution, there are no age-based rules for you to meet. This means there are no age restrictions in order to make a deductible contribution.

If you are aged 67 to 74 when you make your contribution, you can only claim a deduction if you meet the “work test” or the “work test exemption” in that year.

To meet the work test, you need to work for at least 40 hours in a 30-day consecutive period during the financial year and be paid for that work.

Alternatively, the work test exemption can be used if you satisfy all of the following rules:

• You are aged between 67 to 74
• You satisfied the work test in the previous financial year
• Your total superannuation balance was below $300,000 the previous 30 June (ie, 30 June 2023)
• You have not made use of the work test exemption in a previous financial year (ie, it can only be used once).

If you are aged 75 or older at the time you make your contribution, you can only claim a deduction if your contribution was made before the 28th day of the month after your 75th birthday and you met the work test above. For example, if you turn 75 in September 2023, your contribution must be received by your superannuation fund by 28 October 2023. This is a special rule that applies around an individual’s 75th birthday.

Unfortunately, once a person reaches age 75, you can no longer make any deductible superannuation contributions.  The only contributions that can be made are downsizer contributions, superannuation guarantee contributions or contributions your employer is obliged to make for you under an award.

Timeframes to adhere to

You must give your fund the notice form before the earlier of:

• The day you lodge your personal income tax return for the year in which you made your contribution, or
• 30 June of the following year.

However, certain events may occur which mean you must submit your notice and receive acknowledgement from your fund prior to the above timeframes. For example, you must submit and receive acknowledgement from your fund prior to:

• Withdrawing any funds
• Rolling over to another fund
• Splitting contributions with your spouse, or
• Commencing a pension.

If you do not give your notice to your fund before these events occur, you will lose some or all of the deduction amount.

What happens next?

Once you have told your fund that you want to claim a deduction for your personal contribution, it will count towards your concessional contributions cap. Your fund will then deduct contributions tax of 15% from your contribution.

If you change your mind and no longer want to claim the entire amount as a tax deduction, you can vary your notice to reduce the amount you are claiming, provided you are still within the timeframes mentioned above.

It is also important to claim the deduction in your personal income tax return for the year the contribution was made. If you forget to claim the deduction, your contribution will count towards your non-concessional contributions cap and could cause you to exceed that cap.

As you can see, the contribution rules are complex so if you’re thinking about making a personal deductible contribution and not sure if you meet the eligibility requirements, contact us today for a chat.

Thought of registering a trademark for your new business?

The ATO has issued a reminder around trademarks!

For background, a trademark legally protects your brand and helps customers distinguish your products or services in the market from others. Trademarks can be used to protect a logo, phrase, word, letter, colour, sound, smell, picture, movement, aspect of packaging or any combination of these. In short, they protect your brand, products and services.

Trademarks are different from a business name which is the name you trade under.

For exclusive rights to your business name, you’ll need to protect it with a trademark. This will help you:

• protect your name and stop others from trading with it
• get exclusive use of that trademark throughout Australia
• have protection in all Australian states and territories for an initial period of ten years.

Trademarks are intellectual property. Other types of intellectual property include:

• patents
• design rights
• plant breeder’s rights
• copyright
• trade secrets.

While you don’t need a registered trademark to apply for an ABN, registering a trademark for your business name, logo, or other sign means you have exclusive rights to use your trademark in Australia.

A registered trademark is a licensable and saleable asset. It also provides a legal avenue to stop others from using it on similar goods and services. A 5-minute check can help save you a lot of disappointment and work.

Check out IP Australia for more information and get your trademark sorted today.

The same ATO release, reminds taxpayers of the business registrations and insurances that may be required for your new business.

As a new business, you may also need to:

• register for goods and services tax (GST)
• register for pay as you go (PAYG) withholding and meet your super obligations for any employees you hire
• register for fringe benefits tax (FBT) when you are providing fringe benefits to your employees.

You can apply for an ABN and other key business registrations through the Business Registration Service.

You may also need business insurance and licences to protect your business. It’s important to understand the licences and permits you need to do certain activities and help protect your business and employees.

Self-education – when is it deductible?

There is no specific provision in the income tax legislation that allows a deduction for self-education expenses. Rather the expenditure falls for consideration under the general deductibility provision of Tax Act. In broad terms this allows for, but also limits, deductible expenses to those incurred in the course of earning assessable income. This requires a close nexus between the outgoing and assessable income: the outgoing must be incidental and relevant to the gaining of the assessable income.

Principle 1 – the self-education maintains or improves current skills or knowledge

Where a taxpayer’s income-earning activities are based on the exercise of a skill or some specific knowledge, a deduction for self-education expenses incurred will be allowable where the subject of self-education enables the taxpayer to maintain or improve that skill or knowledge. The High Court decision of FC of T v Finn [1961] HCA 61; 106 CLR 60 is a leading authority for this principle. In this case, Finn, a senior government architect, was allowed deductions for expenses incurred on an overseas tour focused on the study of architecture.

This principle requires an assessment of a taxpayer’s current skills and knowledge compared against the subject of self-education, and a consideration of how close the subject is to those current (not future) income-earning activities. (The ATO advises the relevant employment activities are the duties and tasks expected of an employee to perform their job and are usually set out in an employee’s duty statement / contract of employment.)

Principle 2 – the self-education leads to, or is likely to lead to, an increase in income from current income-earning activities

If the subject of self-education leads to, or is likely to lead to, an increase in the taxpayer’s income from current (but not new) income-earning activities, a deduction for self-education expenses incurred will be allowable.

It is not necessary for the expected increase in income or promotion to be realised for self-education expenses to be deductible, for example, if the taxpayer’s employment was terminated before gaining the promotion or increase. However, the expenses should be incurred whilst the taxpayer was employed (even if on leave without pay), and generally with a real prospect or likelihood of leading to such an increase or promotion.

The important thing for taxpayers is to retain their receipts in relation to their self-education. If you have any questions around what expenses are claimable, contact us.

Avoid schemes targeting SMSFs

Sometimes promoters of schemes target self-managed super funds (SMSFs). Schemes can include tax avoidance arrangements that inappropriately channel money or assets into your SMSF so you pay less tax. They may also include arrangements promoting the illegal early release of benefits from your fund for personal use.

To assist you with identifying schemes that may jeopardise your SMSF’s compliance, the ATO  recently updated its web content to provide more information:

• Schemes targeting SMSFs
• Residential property purchased through illegal schemes.

Remember, if:

• You’ve been approached by a someone who recommends you set up an SMSF or use your existing SMSF to participate in one of these schemes or a similar arrangement, you should check the ASIC Financial Register to make sure they have a financial licence. If you’re in doubt, you should seek a second opinion from a licenced adviser who is independent from the scheme.
• You’re already dealing with a suspected promoter of an SMSF scheme, then you should contact the ATO immediately so they can help.

Don’t be tempted by ‘too good to be true’ schemes. You may risk losing some or all of your retirement savings and receive significant penalties if you enter into one of these schemes. You could also be disqualified as a trustee of your SMSF and may be required to wind up your fund.

Discounting your capital gain

The capital gains tax (CGT) discount can reduce by 50% a capital gain that you make when you dispose of (sell) a CGT asset that you have owned for 12 months or more. However, the discount is only available to:

• individuals (but not foreign or temporary residents)
• complying superannuation funds (33% discount applies, not 50%)
• trusts, and
• life insurance companies in respect of a discount capital gain from a CGT event in respect of a CGT asset that is a complying superannuation asset.

The most notable omission from this list is companies.  They are not eligible for the general discount. This should be factored in when assessing which entity is chosen to acquire a CGT asset.

12-month requirement

The tax legislation requires that to qualify for the general discount, the asset must have been acquired at least 12-months before the time of the CGT event (sale).

The 12-month period requires that 365 days (or 366 in a leap year) must pass between the day the CGT asset was acquired and the day on which the CGT event happens…effectively 12-months and two days! If a taxpayer is nearing the 12-month mark, they should consider delaying the sale where possible until this timeframe is satisfied and therefore become eligible for the discount.

For the purposes of satisfying the 12-month holding period, beneficiaries can treat an inherited asset as though they have owned it since:

• the deceased acquired the asset, if they acquired it on or after 20 September 1985
• the deceased died, if they acquired the asset before 20 September 1985.

Note more generally that for CGT assets acquired before 20 September 1985, no CGT is payable anyway.

Foreign residents

The CGT discount no longer applies to discount capital gains of foreign or temporary residents or Australian residents who have a period of foreign residency after the below date. However, the CGT discount will still apply to the portion of the discount capital gain of a foreign resident individual that accrued up until 8 May 2012 (the date of announcement).

This measure applies where:

• an individual has a discount capital gain, including a discount capital gain as a result of being a beneficiary of a trust, from a CGT event that occurred after 8 May 2012, and
• the individual was a foreign resident or a temporary resident at any time on or after 8 May 2012.

The effect of the measure is to:

• retain the full CGT discount for discount capital gains of foreign resident individuals to the extent the increase in value of the CGT asset occurred prior to 9 May 2012
• remove the CGT discount for discount capital gains of foreign and temporary resident individuals accrued after 8 May 2012, and
• apportion the CGT discount for discount capital gains where an individual has been an Australian resident, and a foreign or temporary resident, during the period after 8 May 2012. The discount percentage is apportioned to ensure the full 50% discount percentage is applied to periods where the individual was an Australian resident.

If you have any questions about the 50% discount, contact us.

Appointing an SMSF auditor

Early last month, the ATO issued a reminder around auditors.

If you have an SMSF, you need to appoint an approved SMSF auditor for each income year, no later than 45 days before you need to lodge your SMSF annual return (SAR).

Your SMSF’s audit must be finalised before you lodge, as you’ll need some information from the audit report to complete the SAR. You must ensure the correct auditor details are provided in the SAR, otherwise you may be penalised.

Your auditor will perform a financial and compliance audit of your SMSF’s operations before lodging. Remember, an audit is required even if no contributions or payments are made in the financial year.

Your approved SMSF auditor must be:

• registered with the Australian Securities and Investment Commissioner – and you’ll need to provide their SMSF auditor number on your SAR
• independent – auditors shouldn’t audit a fund where they:
  • hold any financial interest in the fund, or where they have a close personal or business relationship with members or trustees
  • work for a firm which provides your fund with other services such as certain accounting services, tax, super or financial planning advice.

If a fund doesn’t meet the rules for operating an SMSF, the auditor may be required to report any contraventions to the ATO.

Approved SMSF auditors can be busy so it’s a good idea to start this process early when the time comes around. You can find a list of approved SMSF auditors on the ASIC website.

Costs of a caravan/motor home for work-related travel

SCENARIO:

I run a small business that requires me to travel quite a lot, particularly to country areas where I will often stay overnight. To save on accommodation costs, I have purchased a caravan. I have a business logo on the side of the caravan that is on display when I attend town shows and events. Will the costs of purchasing and maintaining my caravan be deductible in my individual income tax return?

GUIDANCE:

In these challenging and changing times, many have jumped on the modern version of the proverbial band wagon and purchased a caravan or motor home to use for work or business-related travel.

It is a common misconception that there are specific rules governing whether you can claim a tax deduction for the costs of purchasing and maintaining a caravan or motor home. A caravan or motor home is no different to any other work or business asset you own, and the extent the expenses are deductible will depend upon the extent you use the caravan or motor home for income-producing purposes. The complexity does not arise because the expenses relate to a caravan or motor home, but that the expenses (in our scenario above) are essentially travel and accommodation expenses, and this is an area of tax law that can be difficult to apply in practice.

Travel and accommodation expenses are deductible under the tax legislation where you incur these expenses gaining or producing assessable income, or they are necessarily incurred in carrying on your business.

Travel between two unrelated work locations is also deductible where neither of the two work locations is your home (although in this case, the costs may still be deductible under the general deduction provision).

Travel costs will not be deductible if they are a prerequisite to earning income, if you are living away home (rather than travelling on work) nor if they are as a result of your own personal choice or circumstances, eg, the costs are not deductible just because you decide it is more convenient to stay overnight. It would seem that if it is reasonable that you would stay overnight rather than travelling to and from a location within a day, and the reason cannot be attributed to a personal choice, then it is more likely the travel would be viewed as work-related. Keeping a diary would help support your deduction (and is necessary as a sole trader travelling for six or more consecutive nights).

Generally, the depreciation and GST claim on a caravan or motorhome will not be limited by the car limit (currently $68,108). This is because, a caravan or motorhome (designed to carry a load of more than one tonne) is not a ‘car’ as defined in the tax legislation.

What if my business logo is on the side of the caravan?

The good news is while the cost of the business logo will ordinarily be tax deductible as advertising, the bad news is the ATO is firmly of the view that placing a business logo on the side of a caravan (or any type of motor vehicle) will not turn private travel into business travel, even if the signage is affixed permanently. This means if the travel expenses are not tax deductible without a logo, the travel expenses will not be deductible with a logo.

Trusts – are they still worth it?

The recent ATO crackdown on trusts will no doubt have some business owners (and even some advisors) asking themselves the question: Is this structure for business purposes still worth it?

To recap, trust distributions have been under the ATO microscope in recent years. The latest ATO crackdown was in February 2022 when it updated its guidance around trust distributions especially those made to adult children, corporate beneficiaries and entities that are carrying losses.

Depending on the structure of these arrangements, the ATO may potentially take an unfavourable view on what were previously understood to be legitimate distribution arrangements. The ATO is chiefly targeting arrangements under section 100A of the Tax Act; specifically, where trust distributions are made to a low-rate tax beneficiary, but the real benefit of the distribution is transferred or paid to another beneficiary usually with a higher tax rate. In this regard, the ATO’s Taxpayer Alert (TA 2022/1) illustrates how section 100A can apply to the quite common scenario where a parent benefits from a trust distribution to their adult children.

Despite this new ATO interpretation and the wider crackdown on trusts in recent years, the choice of a trust as a business structure still has a range of benefits including:

• Asset protection – limited liability is possible if a corporate trustee is appointed. Usually, when a person owes money and cannot meet the repayment requirements, the creditor can access the person’s personal assets to recoup the debt payable. However, if a trust is in place, there is no access to  beneficiary assets.
• 50% CGT discount – A family trust receives a 50% discount on capital gains tax for profits made from selling any assets the trust has held for more than 12 months. This contrasts with a company structure. Companies cannot access the 50% CGT discount.
• Tax planning – Income that sits in the family trust that is not distributed by year-end is taxed at the highest income tax rate. However, any trust income distributed to the beneficiaries is taxed at the income tax rate of the beneficiary who receives the distribution. The way to definitely get around the ATO’s aforementioned section 100A crackdown is to ensure the distributed money actually goes to the nominated beneficiary and is enjoyed by the beneficiary rather than another taxpayer.
• Carry-forward losses – A trust does not distribute losses to beneficiaries. This means the beneficiaries will not be called upon to contribute money to the trust to meet any loss. Instead, losses from each year can be carried forward to the following year, subject to certain conditions being met.

If you have questions around your trust structure, or your business structure more generally, touch base with us.

Gifting to employees

Some employers, especially at Christmas time or for birthdays, give small gifts to their employees or the employee’s associates  (i.e. spouses). These gifts typically take the form of bottles of wine, movie tickets, gift vouchers etc. The tax treatment of these gifts from an employer standpoint, depends upon a range of factors including:

• To whom the gifts are provided (e.g. employees or clients?)
• Whether the gifts constitute entertainment
• The dollar value of the gifts, and
• The frequency with which they are provided.

Use the following steps as a guide:

1. Does the gift constitute entertainment?

• If yes, go to 2
• If no, go to 3

(gifts that constitute entertainment include: tickets to the movies/plays/theatre, restaurant meals, holiday airline tickets, admission tickets to amusement parks etc.)

(gifts that do not constitute entertainment include: Christmas hampers, bottles of alcohol, gift vouchers, perfume, flowers, pen sets)

2. Does it cost less than $300 (GST-inclusive) and is provided infrequently?

• If yes…no FBT, no deduction, no GST credit
• If no…FBT applies, is deductible and can claim any GST

3. Does it cost less than $300 (GST-inclusive) and is provided infrequently?

• If yes…no FBT, deduction can be claimed as can any GST credits
• If no…FBT applies, deduction can be claimed as can any GST credits

All told, from a tax standpoint it’s best to buy employees and their associates non-entertainment gifts that cost less than $300. That way, no FBT is payable yet a deduction and GST credits can be claimed. Alternatively, you can put the tax burden back on the employee and pay them a cash bonus, in which case the amount will be assessable to the employee, and deductible to the employer.

Touch base with us if you require further clarification.

SMSFs and higher interest rates

SMSF trustees with limited recourse borrowing arrangements (LRBAs) are now feeling the impact of 10 interest rate rises since May 2022 in one hit, from July 2023.

SMSF trustees relying on the ATO’s safe harbour terms to ensure that an LRBA remains, at all times, at arm’s length will face an increase in monthly repayments of interest and principal from 1 July 2023.

The arm’s length annual interest rate for 2023/24, as determined under the ATO’s safe harbour terms is based on the published rate for the month of May 2023 of the Reserve Bank of Australia’s Indicator Lending Rate for banks providing standard variable housing loans for investors.

In accordance with the ATO’s safe harbour interest rate for SMSFs with a related-party LRBA that is funding the purchase of real property, the relevant interest rate for 2023/24 will increase to 8.85%. This is an increase of 3.5% from the former rate of 5.35%.

Where the LRBA is funding the purchase of listed shares or listed units in a unit trust, the safe harbour rules require an additional margin of 2%, meaning the relevant interest rate for 2023/24, has increased to 10.85%.

This will make SMSF cashflow more important than ever. Speak to your SMSF advisor around how to maximise cashflow, including making additional contributions to your fund where you have the capacity to do so.

On the flip-side, higher interest rates are resulting in super funds pilling more money into cash and bonds as they look for low risk investments. Funds have been increasing their exposure to cash and cash products from 18% of their savings pools last year to 22% so far this year, a new report shows.^[1]

Their exposure to the share market through direct investment dropped by 5% at the same time, as they funnelled their money into less volatile assets such as term deposits.

A reminder though that such a change in strategy must be consistent with your overall SMSF investment strategy, and may or may not be in the best interests of younger members whose circumstances may call for a higher risk, bolder investment strategy.

R&D reminder

The ATO has issued a reminder for companies wishing to claim a tax offset for their R&D (research and development) activities. The reminder was issued in the context of the ATO’s success in the Federal Court decision T.D.S. Biz Pty Ltd v FCT^[2].

By way of background, the research and development tax incentive (R&DTI) helps companies innovate and grow by offsetting some of the costs of eligible R&D.

The incentive aims to boost competitiveness and improve productivity across the Australian economy by:

• encouraging industry to conduct R&D that they may not otherwise have conducted
• improving the incentive for smaller firms to undertake R&D
• providing business with more predictable, less complex support.

Broadly speaking, your eligibility to claim the tax offsets will depend on whether you:

• are an R&D entity
• incurred notional deductions of at least $20,000 on eligible R&D activities.

You are not eligible for an R&D tax offset if you are either:

• an individual
• a corporate limited partnership
• an exempt entity (where your entire income is exempt from income tax)
• a trust (with the exception of a public trading trust with a corporate trustee).

For income years commencing on or after 1 July 2021, entities engaged in R&D may be entitled to:

• A refundable offset of 18.5% above the company’s tax rate.
• A flat non-refundable offset based on a progressive marginal tiered R&D intensity threshold. Increasing rates of benefit apply for incremental research and development expenditure by intensity:

• 0 to 2% intensity: an 8.5% premium to the company’s tax rate
• greater than 2% intensity: a 16.5% premium to the company’s tax rate.

Turning back to the aforementioned case, the ATO successfully contended that the taxpayer conducted significant R&D activities outside Australia by purchasing components designed, developed and fabricated overseas without an Advance Overseas Finding from the Department of Industry, Science and Resources.

The ATO states that, while companies can claim an offset for R&D expenditure incurred by them on R&D activities conducted overseas, there is a requirement to hold an Advance Overseas Finding for those activities.

If your company is conducting R&D, contact us to determine if you are eligible for the offset.

Super withdrawal options

For individuals who have retired and met a condition of release, or who have turned 65 and are still working, you can receive your superannuation as a super income stream, as a lump sum, or a combination of both. This third option is quite popular for those who have yet to pay out their house, for example – a lump sum is withdrawn to pay off the remainder of the mortgage, and the balance used to commence a super income stream.

1. Lump sum

If your super fund allows it, you may be able to withdraw some or all of your super in a single payment. This payment is called a lump sum.

You may be able to withdraw your super in several lump sums. However, if you ask your provider to make regular payments from your super it may be classed as an income stream.

The downside to lump sums from a tax perspective is that once you take a lump sum out of your super, it is no longer considered to be super, and thus no longer enjoys the superannuation tax concessions (15% on earnings and capital gains, and tax-free if you convert your super into an income stream). That is, if you invest the lump sum outside of super, earnings on those investments are not taxed as super and may need to be declared in your tax return.

Further, if you’re over age 60, super money you access from super will generally be tax free, but if you’re under 60, you might have to pay tax on your lump sum.

2. Super income stream

You receive a super income stream as a series of regular payments from your super provider (paid at least annually). The payments must be made over an identifiable period of time and meet the minimum annual payments for super income streams. To find out what will happen if the income stream doesn’t meet the minimum annual payment, see Minimum annual payment not made.

The payments don’t need to be at the same interval, and the amount paid may also vary.

Super income streams are a popular investment choice for retirees because they help you manage your income and spending. Super income streams are sometimes called pensions or annuities.

One of the most common income streams is an account-based income stream. This is an account made up of money you’ve accumulated in super, which allows you to draw a regular income once you retire. An account-based income stream includes market-linked pensions that started on or after 1 July 2017.

Your provider or SMSF normally continues to invest the money in your super account and adds returns from investments to your account. Your account balance fluctuates with market performance.

Each year you can withdraw as much as you like through your account-based super income stream (unless you’re receiving a transition to retirement income stream).

You must withdraw a minimum amount each year – based on your age and account balance. There may be income tax implications if your provider does not pay you the minimum amount each year.

You can continue to receive your super income stream until there is no money in your account. How long your super income stream lasts depends on how much you take out each year and what investment returns you receive. There is a limit on the amount you can transfer into retirement phase; this is known as the transfer balance cap.

The chief advantage of this type of withdrawal is that earnings on the remainder of your account inside of superannuation are taxed concessionally.

Take-home message

Check with your super provider and adviser to find out what options are available to you, and which are best for your circumstances.

Tax Time: Unexpected first-time debts

For the first time, many Australians are finding themselves in a position where they are being told they owe the ATO money after completing their tax return this year.

A significant number of taxpayers in this position are those that are still paying off their HECS/HELP debts – many of them young Australians. Following are some myths and facts around why this may be the case.

We also tackle the LMITO myth.

If you have any questions as to why you received a tax bill this year or would like assistance in entering into a payment plan with the ATO, please contact us.

Personal Property Securities Register

Are you aware of the personal property securities register?

What is it?

The personal property securities register (more commonly known as the PPSR) is an official government register. It’s effectively a public noticeboard of *security interests in **personal property that is managed by the Registrar of Personal Property Securities.

*security interests are most commonly created when a secured party (such as a lender) takes an interest in personal property of a grantor (such as a borrower) as security for a loan or other obligation. The security interest means the secured party can take the personal property (known as the collateral) if the secured obligation is not met, such as defaulting on a loan.

**personal property to which the PPSR applies is property other than land, buildings and fixtures to the land. It includes goods, motor vehicles, planes, boats, intellectual property such as copyright/patents/designs, shares, bank accounts and debts.

The debts or other obligations that are secured by personal property are shown on the register (if registered). The PPSR is accessible by the public 24/7. The PPSR came into existence on 30 January 2012 replacing many state-based registers, such as REVS and other vehicle registers and the ASIC Register of Company Charges, to form one national register.

Put simply, the register assists both those with a security interest over property, and also consumers/businesses purchasing property as follows:

Registering

When someone registers a security interest on the PPSR, they are letting the world at large know that they claim to have a security interest over certain personal property. Registering on the PPSR is a way to  notify others if personal property such as cars, goods or company assets have security interests over them. Registering your security interest correctly on the PPSR can protect you and give you extra rights in the property it’s registered over. This is especially important if the person who gave you the interest goes insolvent. A registration also offers other protections such as ranking you as a higher priority over other security interests.

Searching

Consumers including businesses can search the PPSR to see if someone has registered a security interest over personal property (which they may want to do before buying property or lending money to someone). When you search you will receive a certificate that you can retain as proof of whether or not a security interest was registered at the time of your search. If you don’t do a search and then proceed to purchase property that has an existing security interest registered over it, you place yourself at risk of the goods being repossessed even though you have paid for them.  Millions of searches and registrations take place on the PPSR every year.

To access the PPSR, visit www.ppsr.gov.au

Contact us for more information if you are uncertain around the PPSR.

Superannuation and age pension eligibility 

Come retirement, many folks rely on a combination of their superannuation savings and the age pension in order to financially sustain them moving forward. Accordingly, a front-of-mind issue for individuals is: at what point does your level of superannuation savings and payments impact your eligibility for the age pension?

While you are under age pension age, in relation to any Centrelink payment, Centrelink do not count your or your partner’s superannuation balance in either the income or assets test if your fund is not paying you a superannuation pension. However, if your fund is paying you a superannuation pension, that pension is taken into account.

Once you reach age pension age, Centrelink counts your super both (a) in the assets test and (b) in the income test under the deeming rules. The same rules apply to your partner and their super when they are age pension age, even if they are not in receipt of a Centrelink payment.

To recap, deeming is a set of rules used to work out the income created from your financial assets. It assumes these assets earn a set rate of income, no matter what they really earn. The main types of financial assets are:

• savings accounts and term deposits
• managed investments, loans and debentures
• listed shares and securities
• some income streams
• some gifts you make.

Centrelink includes any deemed income as your income under the income test. The income test helps Centrelink work out how much income support it can pay you.

Taking money out of superannuation doesn’t affect your Centrelink payments but you may be impacted by the deeming rules (see earlier) depending on where that money is invested outside super.

Recent research into retirement confidence by Monash University found people aged 50 and over – who take time to understand and plan their finances – are less anxious about transitioning into retirement. It found they were more confident overall about their retirement options.

Knowing how much of the age pension you could be eligible for can help you understand your finances in retirement^. For many, a qualified financial adviser with knowledge of superannuation and retirement planning can help you get the balance right.

[1] The Vanguard and Investments Trend annual survey of SMSFs

[2] [2023 FCA 710]

Super guarantee increases to 11%

The increase to the superannuation guarantee (SG) rate from 1 July 2023 will see more employees (and certain contractors) entitled to additional SG contributions on their pay. But what happens when income earned before 30 June is paid after 30 June 2023 – will employees be entitled to the higher SG rate of 11%?

SG is based on when an employee is paid

On 1 July 2023, the SG rate increased from 10.5% to 11%. In some cases, an employee’s pay period will cross over between June and July when the rate changes.

However, the percentage employers are required to apply is determined based on when the employee is paid, not when the income is earned. The rate of 11% will need to be applied to all ordinary time earnings (OTE) that are paid on and after 1 July 2023, even if some or all of the pay period it relates to is before 1 July 2023.

This means if the pay period ends on or before 30 June, but the pay date falls on or after 1 July, the 11% SG rate applies on those salary and wages. The date of the salary and wage payment determines the rate of SG payable, regardless of when the work was performed.

Example

Nicholas is an employee of ABC Pty Ltd.

If Nicholas performed work:

• In June (or partly in June and partly in July) but he was paid in July, the SG rate is 11% on his entire payment and contributions, totalling 11% of his OTE for the September 2023 quarter. This must be made to his superannuation fund by 28 October.
• In July, but was paid in advance (before 1 July), the SG rate is 10.5% and contributions totalling 10.5% of his ordinary time earnings for the June 2023 quarter must be made to his superannuation fund by 28 July.

SG rate will continue to rise

Employers should prepare for ongoing, annual increases to the SG rate over the coming years. The following already-legislated increases to 12% by 2025 will proceed as follows:

Basis of SG

SG is only payable on a workers’ OTE. OTE is the amount you pay employees for their ordinary hours of work, including things like commissions and shift loadings, but not in relation to overtime hours (being those outside the ordinary hours stated in a worker’s  award or other employment agreement.

More information?

If you are still uncertain around the application of the new SG rate or need guidance on which payments constitute OTE, reach out to us.

Fair Work changes

Although not related to tax, there are a number of changes on the Fair Work front that employers should be aware of:

Minimum wage increase

The National Minimum Wage applies to employees who aren’t covered by an award or registered agreement.

From 1 July 2023, the new National Minimum Wage will be $882.80 per week or $23.23 per hour.

The new National Minimum Wage will apply from the first full pay period starting on or after 1 July 2023. This means if your weekly pay period starts on Monday, the new rates will apply from Monday, 3 July 2023.

Note that if a worker is covered by a registered agreement, the minimum wage increase may apply to them. This is because the base pay rate in a registered agreement can’t be less than the base pay rate in the relevant award. Check your agreement by searching for it on the Commission’s website: Find an agreement

Award minimum wage increase

The Fair Work Commission has also announced that minimum award wages will increase by 5.75%.

Most employees are covered by an award. Awards are legal documents that outline minimum pay rates and conditions of employment in your industry or occupation. If you’re not sure which award applies to a worker , use Find my award.

This increase will apply from the first full pay period starting on or after 1 July 2023. This means if your weekly pay period starts on Monday, the new rates will apply from Monday, 3 July 2023.

Secure Jobs, Better Pay: 6 June changes to workplace laws

From 6 June 2023, changes also came on stream related to:

• requesting flexible working arrangements
• extending unpaid parental leave
• agreement-making
• bargaining.

For more information, visit, Secure Jobs, Better Pay: Changes to Australian workplace laws.

Aged care sector

Direct care and some senior food services employees in the aged care sector will receive a 15% wage increase from 1 July 2023.

For more information, visit 15% wage increase for aged care sector.

Paid parental leave scheme

From 1 July 2023, the Paid Parental Leave scheme is changing.

From this date the current entitlement to 18 weeks’ paid parental leave pay will be combined with the current Dad and Partner Pay entitlement to two weeks’ pay. This means partnered couples will be able to claim up to 20 weeks’ paid parental leave between them. Parents who are single at the time of their claim can access the full 20 weeks.

These changes affect employees whose baby is born or placed in their care on or after 1 July 2023.

Other changes include:

• allowing partnered employees to claim a maximum of 20 weeks’ pay between them, with each partner taking at least two weeks (except in some circumstances)
• introducing a $350,000 family income limit (indexed annually from 1 July 2024) for claiming paid parental leave pay
• expanding the eligibility rules for fathers or partners to claim paid parental leave pay
• making the whole payment flexible so that eligible employees can claim it in multiple blocks until the child turns two
• removing the requirement to return to work to be eligible for the entitlement.

Superannuation and the right to delegate

Another key Federal Court case may have a bearing on whether you owe certain workers you engage superannuation guarantee or not.

For background, early last year the High Court made a game-changing decision in determining whether a worker is an employee or contractor at common law. It ruled that this is determined by the employment contract / agreement and whether it contains the usual indicators that tend toward a finding that a worker is an employee at common law including:

• Does the business have control over the worker (e.g. what hours they work and how they do they do the work)?
• Must the worker perform the work personally (rather than having the ability to delegate or subcontract the work to an outside party)?
• Is the worker paid like an employee (e.g. hourly rate)?
• Does the business supply the tools and equipment for the worker?
• Does the business bear the risk and liability to outside parties for any defects in the work?

Where the answer to most of those questions is yes, then the worker is an employee at common law.

Up until the High Court’s decision, lower courts were looking at how individual work arrangements were playing out in practice when answering the above questions. The High Court however ruled that you should instead look at the rights and obligations set out in the respective contract between the parties rather than how the situation plays out after the contract is signed. This is provided that the contract was not a sham.

With this new approach in mind, in early June 2023 a case came before the Full Federal Court where it was asked to determine whether a worker was an employee or contractor. Adopting the High Court’s new approach, the Full Federal Court examined the contract and found that the answers to some of the above questions were yes, while the answers to others were no. However, ultimately it found that because the worker had the ability to delegate/subcontract the work (although a limited ability subject to the approval of the business) the worker was not an employee for superannuation purposes at common law:

… if a person engaged to perform work has a contractual right to have someone else perform that work, that is a matter which at the very least tends against a conclusion that the person is an employee. The existence of the right is inherently inconsistent with an employee relationship. In the absence of significant countervailing considerations, how can you be an employee if, within the scope of the contract, you can lawfully get someone else to perform the entirety of your contractual obligations, whether for a short period, or for a longer period?

Because the worker had the ability to delegate, he was also not entitled to superannuation under the wider definition of ‘’employee “in the superannuation legislation either which provides that if a person works under a contract that is wholly or principally for the labour of the person, the person is an employee of the other party to the contract. The ability to delegate meant that this test was not met.

The take home message for employers is that the terms of the written agreement will determine whether a worker is owed superannuation at common law (but that contract cannot be a sham). However, where there is the ability of the worker to delegate, this will generally be decisive – no superannuation will be owed at common law or under the superannuation legislation.

All told, this is a complex area. Reach out to us if you are unsure of whether a superannuation obligation is owed to a worker.

Time for a restructure?

The new financial year can be a time where business owners look at their operating structure and consider whether it still meets their needs. Choosing a structure is not simply about minimising tax, rather a range of factors should be considered as such as asset protection, establishment and ongoing compliance costs, succession planning, and your understanding of each structure etc.

Most small businesses operate as a sole trader, company, trust, or partnership.  The following table is a comparative snapshot of each of the four structures:

*subject to the Personal Services Income (PSI) rules

You may find that, as your business grows or as your priorities change, your chosen structure no longer serves your needs. For example, a number of people commence businesses as sole traders (often for reasons of simplicity as well as keeping start-up costs to a minimum) but later find that this structure is no longer appropriate. From an income tax perspective, a drawback with sole traders is that income from the business is assessed personally to you at your marginal tax rates. As your business grows and the revenue generated increases, your tax rate also increases.

The take-home message is that you should periodically review your structure to ensure it continues to serve your needs. Be mindful however that changing structures can have CGT and stamp duty consequences – these one-off costs need to be taken into account when making the decision whether to change. Also note that under the small business rollover provisions, it may be possible for you to change your structure without incurring CGT.

Talk to us if you are contemplating changing your business operating structure.

Small business lodgement amnesty

Since Budget night, the ATO has released more information around the small business lodgement amnesty…which can now be taken advantage of from 1 June 2023!

The amnesty was announced in the recent Budget. It applies to tax obligations that were originally due between 1 December 2019 and 28 February 2022 and runs from 1 June 2023 to 31 December 2023.

To be eligible for the amnesty, the small business must be an entity with an aggregated turnover of less than $10 million at the time the original lodgement was due.

During this time, eligible small businesses can lodge their eligible overdue forms and the ATO will then proactively remit any associated failure to lodge (FTL) penalties.

ATO Assistant Commissioner Emma Tobias urged small businesses to take advantage of the amnesty to get back on track with their tax obligations if they have fallen behind.

“The past few years have been tough for many small businesses, with the pandemic and natural disasters having a significant impact. We understand that things like lodging ATO forms may have slipped down the list of priorities. But it is important to get back on track with tax obligations. Lodging these forms are not optional, so we hope our amnesty will make it easier for impacted small businesses to get back on track.

When forms are lodged with the ATO under the amnesty, businesses or their tax professionals will not need to separately request a remission of FTL penalties.

All you need to do is lodge your outstanding tax returns or activity statements and we’ll take care of the FTL penalty remission from our end. You might see an FTL penalty on your account for a short period of time, but don’t worry, we will remit it”.

Ms Tobias also noted that outstanding lodgements can be an early indicator that a small business is not actively engaged with the tax system, which can be a red flag:

“We encourage all businesses to lodge any overdue forms even if they are outside the eligibility period. Whilst forms outside the amnesty eligibility criteria will attract FTL penalties, the ATO will consider your circumstances and may remit such penalties on a case-by-case basis.

We understand that some small businesses may be worried about paying an amount owing on their overdue lodgment. If you are unable to make full payment of your debt, remember we can work together with you or your registered tax or BAS agent to figure out the right solution for you.

We want to make this process easy and encourage small businesses to do the right thing. If you have a registered tax or BAS agent, now is a good time to reach out to them to make sure you are up to date with your tax affairs.

Taxpayers still have an obligation to lodge overdue forms during the amnesty period and we will continue to work with them to help ensure they meet their obligations,’ Ms Tobias said.

The ATO offers a range of support options, including payment plans. Many small businesses are also able to set up their own payment plan online.

Ms Tobias also explained that if a business has ceased trading, they need to advise their registered tax professional, or the ATO directly.

The amnesty applies to income tax returns, business activity statements, and fringe benefits tax returns. It does not apply to superannuation obligations and excludes other administrative penalties such as penalties associated with the Taxable Payments Reporting System.

If you are ready to come forward and get your overdue lodgements up to date, we can help you, and hopefully secure the amnesty for you.

Work-related car expenses updated

The ATO has just announced that the cents per kilometre rate has increased to 85 cents per kilometre for 2023/24.

To recap, there are two methods to claim work-related car expenses as follows:

1. Cents per kilometre method

This method is easier for record keeping, involves a more simple calculation, and is generally suited to those with less vehicle use.

You simply keep a record of the number of kilometres you’re traveling for work or for business over the duration of the year and you claim these the set rate.

The drawback of this method is that you are limited to a maximum of 5000 work related or business kilometres per year. That gives you a total maximum claim of $4,250. Thus, if you’re using your car a lot for work, you may find that this is method quite limiting.

2. Logbook method

This method can allow for greater claims depending on how much you’re using your car for work or business.

However, there are more recordkeeping requirements – the main one being that you must keep a 12-week logbook that records all of your trips, both business and private for those 12 weeks.

At the end of the 12 weeks, you calculate your work related or business percentage use, and you can claim that percentage of all deductions for your car.

You also need to keep all receipts for fuel, insurance, registration, interest, and servicing throughout the year.

As mentioned, despite the additional effort, it can often lead to a greater claim if you are using your car a lot for work and business.

Comparison

Summary

As you can see, both methods have their downsides and can have their benefits too depending on your situation. Consider which is best for you, taking into account:

• If you have the time or the ability to save all of your car-related records
• The level of your business-related vehicle use.

ATO Tax Time focus areas

With the end of the financial year on our doorstep, the ATO has announced its three key focus areas for 2022-23 Tax Time – rental property deductions, work-related expenses, and capital gains tax (CGT). To maximise your claims in this area and protect yourself from ATO audits and adjustments, be sure to keep the appropriate records.

Work-related expenses

This year the ATO is particularly focused on ensuring taxpayers understand the changes to the working from home methods and are able to back up their claims. To claim your working from home expenses as a deduction, you can use the actual cost method, or the revised fixed rate method, provided you meet the eligibility and record-keeping requirements as follows:

In relation to depreciating of assets and equipment you will need records that show:

• when and where you bought the item and its cost
• when you started using the item for a work-related purpose
• how you work out your percentage of work-related use, such as a diary that shows the purpose of and use of the item for work.

Chat to us if you have any questions around which method to use and the records to keep.

CGT

Capital gains tax (CGT) comes into effect when you dispose of assets such as shares, crypto, managed investments or properties. Inform us as your accountant if you have disposed of such assets between1 July 2022 to 30 June 2023.

On the disclosure front, be mindful that the ATO has extensive data-matching capabilities and, as such, will likely be able to detect the sale of most CGT assets.

Rental property deductions

Many landlords will expect large amounts of deductions to be claimed when their returns are lodged. However, your record keeping will significantly impact the deductions that can be claimed. Talk with us around the record keeping requirements if you are unsure.

Keep records of the following:

• bank statements showing the interest charged on money you borrowed for the rental/commercial property
• loan documents
• land tax assessments
• documents or receipts that show amounts you paid for:
  • advertising (including efforts to rent out the property)
  • bank charges
  • council rates
  • gardening
  • property agent fees
  • repairs or maintenance etc.

• documents showing details of expenses related to:

• the decline in value of depreciating assets
• any capital work expenses, such as structural improvements

• before and after photos for any capital works
• travel expense documents, if you are eligible to claim travel and car expenses such as:

• travel diary or similar that shows the nature of the activities, dates, places, times and duration of your activities and travel (you must have this if you travel away from home for six nights or more)
• receipts for flights, fuel, accommodation, meals and other expenses while travelling
• receipts for items you used for repairs and maintenance that you paid for when you travel to, or stayed near, the rental property.

• documents that show periods of personal use by you or your friends
• document that show periods the property is used as your main residence
• loan documents if you refinance your property
• documents, receipts and before and after photos for capital improvements
• tenant leases
• when you sell a property:
  • contract of sale
  • conveyancing documents
  • sale of property fees.

This year, the ATO is particularly focused on interest expenses and ensuring rental property owners understand how to correctly apportion loan interest expenses where part of the loan was used for private purposes (or the loan was re-financed with some private purpose).

Super pensions and the Commonwealth Seniors Health Card

Are you a self-funded retiree who does not qualify for the Age Pension? If you’ve answered yes, then help may be available for certain living expenses by way of the Commonwealth Seniors Health Card (CSHC).

What is the CSHC?

The CSHC is a concession card enabling access to  cheaper health care and some discounts if you’ve reached Age Pension age.

Benefits of the CSHC

With a CSHC you may receive benefits such as:

• Cheaper medicine under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
• Bulk billed doctor visits – this is up to your doctor
• A refund for medical costs when you reach the Medicare Safety Net, and
• Depending on your state or territory government and local council, lower electricity and gas bills, property and water rates, and public transport.

Who can get the CSHC?

To get this card you must meet all of the below conditions:

• Be of Age Pension age or older
• Meet residency rules
• Not be receiving an income support payment (such as the Age Pension) from Centrelink or the Department of Veterans’ Affairs
• Give Centrelink your Tax File Number (including your partner’s TFN) unless you’re exempt from doing so
• Meet identity requirements, and
• Meet the income test.

An income test applies

To get a CSHC, you must meet an income test and earn less than the following:

• $90,000 a year if you’re single
• $144,000 a year for couples, or
• $180,000 a year for couples separated by illness, respite care or prison.

The income test will look at both your:

• Adjusted taxable income – this is the taxable income shown on your income tax return plus some extra amounts such as certain superannuation contributions and losses made on investments, and
• A deemed amount from your account-based income streams (ie, superannuation pension) that started on or after 1 January 2015.

When it comes to deeming amounts for account-based income streams, the actual amounts paid from your income stream are ignored. Rather, Centrelink assumes that your income stream (including other financial investments) earn a certain rate of income based on a percentage of the account balance at the start of the year.

The percentage is 0.25% up to a threshold ($56,400 for singles, $93,600 for couples) and then 2.25% thereafter.

For example, if you are a single person with a $1.5 million account-based income stream, you would have a ‘deemed income’ amount from that pension of $32,622, worked out as follows:

(0.25% x $56,400) + [2.25% x ($1.5m – $56,400)] = $32,622

Whereas (using the same formula) a couple with income streams of $1.5 million each would have deemed income of $65,628, combined.

No assets test applies

There is no assets test for the CSHC. This means you could have large accumulation accounts or make large withdrawals from your accumulation or pension accounts each year and have no impact on your CSHC!

How to claim

The easiest way to claim the CSHC is online via your myGov account. Alternatively, you can also claim by form or phone. Contact us today if you would like further information about the CSHC.

Generous depreciation in its final days

This month’s federal budget confirmed that temporary full expensing (TFE) is now in its final days.

To recap, TFE will cease and be replaced by a $20,000 instant asset write-off (IAWO) from 1 July 2023.

Under this change, small businesses (aggregated annual turnover of less than $10 million) will be able to immediately deduct the full cost of eligible assets costing less than $20,000 that are first used or installed ready for use between 1 July 2023 and 30 June 2024. Assets valued at $20,000 or more (which cannot be immediately deducted) will be placed into a small business simplified depreciation pool and depreciated at 15% in the first income year and 30% each income year thereafter.

For larger businesses, the write-off threshold is cut to $1,000 also from 1 July 2023.

TFE, which allows eligible businesses with a turnover of less than $5 billion to deduct the full cost of eligible depreciable assets of any value, is however still available up to 30 June 2023. To take advantage of it, and assist your cashflow, note the following dates for 2022-23 whereby an eligible business can claim a deduction for the business portion of the cost of:

• eligible new assets first held, first used or installed ready for use for a taxable purpose between 1 July 2022 and 30 June 2023 if you have a turnover of less than $5 billion
• eligible second-hand assets where both the asset was first held, first used or installed ready for use for a taxable purpose between 1 July 2022 and 30 June 2023 for entities with aggregated turnover of less than $50 million.

Most business assets are eligible including machinery, tools, furniture, business equipment etc. There are however some ineligible assets as follows:

• buildings and other capital works for which a deduction can be claimed under the capital works provisions in the Tax Act
• trading stock
• CGT assets
• assets not used or located in Australia
• where a balancing adjustment event occurs to the asset in the year of purchase (e.g. the asset is sold, lost or destroyed)
• assets not used for the principal purpose of carrying on a business
• assets that sit within a low-value pool or software development pool, and
• certain primary production assets under the primary production depreciation rules (e.g. facilities used to conserve or convey water, fencing assets, fodder storage assets, and horticultural plants (including grapevines)).

TIP

TFE assists cashflow, which can be one of the biggest killers of small business. However, no extra deductions are available under TFE. For this reason, you should continue to only purchase assets that align with your business plan.

Get in touch with us if you have any questions around the purchase of depreciating assets leading up to the end of the financial year.

Do you have a side-hustle?

With the cost-of-living skyrocketing, have you taken up a side-hustle?

With new and emerging ways to make money, the ATO is reminding taxpayers to consider if they are ‘in business’ and to declare to their tax agent if they are engaged in a sidehustle.

Record numbers of taxpayers are now working multiple jobs or supplementing their income with ‘side-hustles’ or ‘gig’ economy activities.

ATO Assistant Commissioner Tim Loh said if you earn money through continuous and repeated activities for the purpose of making a profit, then it’s likely you’re running a business.

While there are always new and different ways to make money, the tax obligations remain the same. Don’t fall into the trap of forgetting to include all your income thinking the ATO won’t notice.

You also need to declare any additional income earned through that side-hustle.

Businesses have a range of obligations depending on their structure and turnover, including registering for an Australian business number (ABN), keeping the right records and lodging the right type of tax return. They may also have to register for GST.

The ATO is running an advertising campaign to remind taxpayers about their obligations if their side-hustle is generating income.

Mr. Loh said:

With tax time just around the corner, if you are bolstering your income with new activities, make sure all your records are up-to-scratch. This could be anything from animal breeding to earning income through digital platforms, such as ride share or food delivery, or even online content creation, like social media influencers.

If your home has become more like a warehouse and is stocked to the hilt with goods to sell, then you may in fact be running a business.

If you’re running bootcamp sessions, in addition to your 9–5 job, well this is a side hustle and you need to declare this income to the ATO.

If you’re an online content creator earning money or receiving gifts, you’re also likely to be running a business and there are tax obligations you need to comply with.

Mr. Loh acknowledged ‘sometimes it’s hard to tell if you’re ‘in business’ and we recognise not everything you do to make money is considered a business. The ATO won’t consider activities as ‘in business’ when they are a one-off transaction (unless it is the first step in carrying on a business or intended to be repeated) or an activity from which you don’t seek to make a profit.’

The ATO has sophisticated data-matching and analytical tools to identify taxpayers that under-report their income. From 1 July 2023, the Sharing Economy Reporting Regime will commence and the ATO will receive data from more electronic distribution platforms. The ATO will match this information with the information taxpayers provide on their tax return or activity statement to identify income that has not been included. Mr. Loh said:

It doesn’t matter whether you are carrying on a business or simply earning additional income through a digital platform, such as a website or even an app, you must keep accurate records of your income and include it in your tax return.

If you are finding your feet in business, we are here to support you.

Case study: Hayley heads off-track for fun, but on the right track for business

Hayley works in hospitality at night and spends most days fishing or four-wheel driving. She decides to start developing ‘how-to’ YouTube videos when fishing and four-wheel driving. Hayley’s online following is rapidly increasing, and she’s now earning money from her videos.

With the growing online interest, Hayley cuts back her hospitality work and starts to invest more effort into her videos. Hayley sets up a production schedule that sets out the type of content she will produce on a weekly basis, buys equipment to improve her production quality, completes an online video editing course to improve her editing skills and records all expenses from her content creation activity.

Hayley wants to know if her side hustle activities are a business. She looks at all her activities together and determines she is running a business because she:

• intends to make a profit to supplement her salary and wage income
• set up a regular schedule for these activities

operates in a business-like way (she has a plan and system for making a profit).

Be sure to inform us of any side-hustle you may be carrying on.

What are the types of super funds you can contribute to?

With the total superannuation sector worth more than $3.5 trillion at the end of March 2023, superannuation is serious business. There are many types of superannuation funds available but sometimes having too many to choose from can be confusing. However, picking the right fund is important as it could impact how much you may have to retire on in the future. This article provides a brief summary of the five main types of funds and highlights the differences between each fund.

1. Retail funds

• Retail funds are generally run by banks and other financial institutions and are open to all members.
• Individuals who seek advice from a financial adviser will usually be advised to invest in a retail fund via an administrative platform, which often has a wide range of investment options to choose from.
• Most retail funds range from medium to high cost, however many retail funds now offer a low-cost alternative called a ‘MySuper’ fund, which is a simple account that has basic features.
• Retail funds are run for-profit, which means the company running the fund retains some profit.
• Retail funds generally offer accumulation and pension accounts.

2. Industry funds

• Although originally set up for workers in specific industries (such as healthcare, hospitality, building and construction, etc), most industry super funds are open for anyone to join.
• There are pre-mixed investment options designed to suit most members’ needs, however some funds allow members to create their own investment mix from a range of investment options.
• Industry funds generally range from low to medium cost, and most offer MySuper products.
• They are run only to profit their members, which means profits are put back into the fund for the benefit of members.
• Most funds offer accumulation and pension accounts.

3. Public sector funds

• These funds operate specifically for government employees, however some are now open to anyone to join.
• Some employers contribute more than the legislated minimum superannuation guarantee (currently 10.5% in 2022/23) to these funds.
• Public sector funds usually have a limited to modest range of investment options.
• These funds generally have low fees and some offer MySuper products.
• Profits are put back into the fund.
• Newer members are usually in an accumulation fund, whereas older members are often in defined benefit funds.

4. Corporate funds

• Corporate funds are set up by an employer for their employees. Typically, large companies, such as Telstra and Qantas, will have their own fund for their own employees.
• Some funds operate the fund by appointing a board of trustees to represent the employer, the employees and to oversee the investment of the fund.
• Smaller corporate funds may operate under the umbrella of a large retail or industry super fund.
• Those managed by a larger fund may offer a wider range of investment options.
• Corporate funds are generally low to medium cost for large corporates but may be high cost for smaller employers.
• Corporate funds run by the employer or an industry fund will usually return all profits to members, whereas those run by retail funds will retain some profits.
• Most are accumulation funds, but some older funds may be defined benefit funds.

5. Self-managed super funds (SMSFs)

• As the name suggests, an SMSF is fund that you manage yourself. You can have up to a maximum of six members in your fund, in most cases family members; however sometimes people who are in business together may set up their own SMSF.
• SMSFs offer a wider range of investment options compared to other superannuation funds. With some limited exceptions, an SMSF can invest in almost anything provided the investment is allowed for under the trust deed and the fund’s investment strategy, the investment meets the sole purpose test, and also adheres to the superannuation laws.
• All members must be trustees (or directors if there is a corporate trustee) and are responsible for all decisions made regarding the fund.
• There is no minimum start-up amount but set-up costs and annual running expenses can be high, depending on your superannuation balance and whether you use administration and other services. That said, recent research^ found that an appropriate start-up threshold is $200,000, as SMSFs with balances of $200,000 or more provide equivalent value to retail and industry funds. However, SMSFs with balances below $200,000 are likely to achieve considerably lower net investment returns compared with funds with balances of $200,000 or more.
• SMSFs can have both accumulation and pension accounts for members of the fund.

^ The University of Adelaide, ‘Understanding self-managed super fund performance’, February 2022

Maximising cashflow

The predicted slowing of the economy in 2023-24 along with the pay day super guarantee (SG) proposal are sure to make cashflow more important than ever for business over the coming months and years, noting that it is one of the biggest difficulties faced by business.

To recap, from 1 July 2026, employers will be required to pay their employees’ super at the same time as their salary and wages. Currently, SG is payable quarterly – allowing business more time to make provision for this obligation.

There are a number of strategies that may improve cashflow for your business:

PAYG instalment assistance

• In the recent federal budget, it was announced that there is PAYG instalment relief on the way. Currently, most small to medium-sized businesses are required to make pay as you go (PAYG) instalments which go towards their annual income tax liability.  Entities that are liable to pay GST may also elect to pay by instalments.
• A 6% GDP uplift rate will apply to small to medium-sized businesses (and some individuals) who are eligible to use the relevant instalment method (this being up to $10 million aggregated annual turnover for GST instalments and $50 million annual aggregated turnover for PAYG instalments) for instalments relating to the 2023-24 income year and which fall due after the enabling legislation receives Royal Assent.
• This uplift factor is lower than the 12% rate that would have applied under the statutory formula, freeing up cash for businesses.

Reconsider the terms on which you deal with customers

• If a customer regularly cannot pay, or can not pay the full amount, you should perhaps consider the terms on which you deal with that customer. For instance, to protect yourself against future non-payment, you might like to only deal with that customer on an upfront payment basis. Decisions in this regard should be made on a case-by-case basis.

Send invoices immediately

• Delaying the filling out of your invoices until the end of the week or the end of the month, for example, may unnecessarily create cashflow problems for yourself. When you make the supply, send out the invoice!

Bank amounts that you receive

• By banking amounts as soon as you receive them, you will be better able to monitor your true cash situation at any point in time. Not banking amounts immediately leads to estimation and confusion as to the true cash position of your business.

Discounts for early payers

• Offer discounts to customers who pay early. A word of caution – it is important to strike a balance between a reasonable discount, and your desire for early payment. Offering sizeable discounts for money that may have been paid in full a few days later anyway will end up causing its own cashflow problems! In most cases, it is best to keep the discounts small, and require the payment well before the due date.

Insurance for debtors

• If you are a business that relies heavily on a few clients, you should consider taking out insurance. By insuring against the failure of your major debtors, you can safeguard against their potential collapse.

Increase your time to pay

Try to get creditors to extend their due dates for payment, for example, from 14 days to 30 days; from 30 days to 60 days; or from 60 days to 90 days. Any extra time that you have to pay amounts owing is effectively interest-free money. Consider charging deposits

• Consider charging deposits for significant orders. Not only does this guarantee at least part payment, but also makes customers think twice before cancelling their orders for goods that are in the process of being made available.

Excess stock

• Businesses need to make sure that they do not have excessive stock. Ideally, businesses should aim to have enough stock to keep customers happy and not have (if applicable) your store looking empty. Beyond that, any excess stock is merely tying up cash.

Prepare a cashflow forecast

• We can assist with the production of this.